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THE  PHONOLOGY 


OP   THE 


PISTOJESE   DIALECT 


DISSERTATION 

PRESENTED    TO    THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES 

OF   THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY  FOR  THE 

DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


BY 


JAMES  DOWDEN  BRUNER 


BALTIMORE 

The  Modern  Lanouage  Association  of  America. 

1894 


•  •  •        « 


.t  *  *„ 


THE  PHONOLOGY 


OF   THE 


PISTOJESE   DIALECT 


DISSERTATION 

PRESENTED   TO   THE  BOARD  OF  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES 

OF  THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY  FOR  THE 

DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


BY 

JAMES  DOWDEN  BRUNER 


baltimore 
The  Modern  Language  Association  of  America. 

1894 


JOHN    MURPHY    &   CO.,    PRINTERS, 


BALTIMORE. 


[Reprinted  from  the  Publications  of  the  Modern  Language  Association  of 
America,  vol.  IX,  No.  4.] 


PC  \M 
87 


TO 

PROFESSOR  A.  MARSHALL  ELLIOTT, 

OP 

The  Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Maryland, 

who  has  been  not  only  my  kind  and 

efficient  instructor,  but  also 

my  true  and  constant 

FRIEND, 
THIS  MONOGRAPH  IS  GRATEFULLY  DEDICATED. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Signs  of  Transcription vii 

Introduction 1 

Bibliography 3 

Chapter  I:  Vowels 7 

1.  a 7 

2.  e 12 

3.  e 13 

4.  i 24 

5.  o 29 

6.  p 31 

7.  u 35 

8.  au 38 

Chapter  II:   Consonants 39 

A.  Labials 39 

1.  V 39 

2.  pp 40 

3.  6 40 

4.  bb 42 

5./ 42 

6.  /. 43 

7.  v 43 

3.  w 44 

B.  Dentals 45 

1.  t 45 

2.  it 51 

3.  d 51 

4.  dd 54 

5.  th 54 

V 


T'&'TS'E 


vi  Table  of  Contents. 

Page. 

C.  Sibilants 54 

1.  « 54 

2.  ss 57 

3.  z 57 

D.  Liquids 58 

1.1 58 

2.  II.  65 

3.  r 66 

E.  Nasals 70 

1.  m 70 

2.  mm '1 

3.« 71 

4.  nn 75 

F.  Gutturals 76 

1.  Palatal  c' 76 

2.  Velar  c 77 

3.  Palatal  at/ 82 

4.  Velar  cc 82 

5.  ch 83 

6.  Palatal  g' 83 

7.  Velar  g 84 

8.  Velar  q  («) ■  85 

9.  x  (As) 86 

10.  Spirant  j 87 

11.  Aspirate  h °7 


SIGNS  OF  TRANSCRIPTION. 


Vowels. 


e       =  closed  e  of  the  Italian. 
e       =  open  e    "     "         " 
o       =  closed  o  "     " 


u 


o        =  onen  o    "     "         " 


=  open  p 


II.    Consonants. 


c  (k)  =  voiceless  velar. 

g  =  voiced         " 

c'  =  palatal  c. 

9'  =      "      g. 

p  =  voiceless  th  in  think. 

S  =  voiced  th  in  thine. 

o  =  voiceless  ch  in  church. 

g  =  voiced  c=j  in  June. 

V  =gl  of  the  Italian. 

n'  =gn"     "         " 

s  =  voiced  s. 

z  =ts. 

$  =  voiceless  sh  in  shine. 

z  =  voiced  s. 

z  =      «      z. 


J.  D.  B. 

Vll 


THE  PHONOLOGY  OF  THE  PISTOJESE 
DIALECT. 

Introduction. 

The  Dialect  of  Pistoja  and  of  the  Pistojese  mountains 
forms  one  of  the  group  of  Tuscan  dialects.  The  writer  spent 
six  months  in  1892  at  Pistoja  and  in  the  villages  of  the  Pisto- 
jese mountains,  in  order  to  collect  material  for  the  following 
monograph,  which  is  based  chiefly  on  the  patois  spoken  by  the 
natives  of  this  district. 

My  purpose  in  this  study  is  two-fold  :  to  consider  the  dia- 
lect first  from  an  historical  and  a  physiological  point  of  view  ; 
and  secondly  in  comparison  with  other  Tuscan  (Italian)  dia- 
lects. The  sources  at  my  disposal  were  the  MSS.  of  the 
libraries  and  cathedrals  of  Florence  and  Pistoja;  private  MSS. 
and  publications ;  the  speech  of  the  people  of  Pistoja  and  of 
the  peasants  of  the  Pistojese  mountains.  At  Florence  I  found 
seven  MSS.1  in  the  Pistojese  vernacular,  one  of  the  xiii  cent- 
ury, dated  1259  (six  years  before  the  birth  of  Dante);  the 
remaining  six  are  of  the  xiv  century.2  At  Pistoja  I  found 
several  MSS.  and  a  considerable  amount  of  printed  matter. 
The  most  important  MS.  noted  here  is  that  of  Albertano  da 

1  Two  of  these  MSS.  were  published  by  me  in  Modern  Language  Notes,  vol. 
vnr,  cols.  208-214. 

*  I  wish  here  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  to  Signor  E.  G.  Parodi,  of 
the  Istituto  di  Sludi  Superiori  di  Firenze,  who  kindly  helped  me  to  avail  my- 
self of  these  MSS. 

1 


25  J.    D.    BRITNER. 

Brescia,  bearing  the  date  of  1268.  It  was  published  by  Ciampi 
at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  Another  valuable 
MS.,  which  I  propose  to  publish  in  the  near  future,  is  the 
Apochalisis  di  Iohani,  probably  of  the  XIV  century.  Of  the 
publications,  the  most  interesting  are  those  of  Prof.  Gherardo 
Nerucci,the  Sonetti  Popolari  (1890)  of  Alfredo  Pasquali,  and 
especially  the  anonymous  Pratica  della  Grammatica  per  le 
Scuo'e  Elementari  del  Circondario  di  Pistoja,  1887. 

After  collecting  all  the  MSS.  and  printed  material  I  could 
control,  my  attention  was  turned  to  the  speech  of  the  people, 
in  order  to  verify  the  pronunciation  of  what  I  had  already 
obtained  from  the  printed  page  or  from  script,  and  to  supple- 
ment this  material  by  drawing  directly  on  the  vernacular  of 
the  country.  To  this  end  I  spent  about  two  months  in  the 
hospitable  and  beautiful  home,  only  two  miles  distant  from 
Pistoja,  of  Signor  Gherardo  Nerucci,  a  retired  professor,  who 
has  written  several  valuable  works  in  the  patois.  To  his 
kindly  assistance  I  owe  much  of  my  material ;  he  not  only 
supplied  me  with  his  own  books,  and  made  it  possible  for  me 
to  converse  freely  with  the  peasants  on  his  own  farm,  but  also 
introduced  me  at  Pistoja  to  the  professors  and  librarians,  and 
aided  me  in  procuring  lodgings  in  private  families  where  I 
was  sure  to  hear  the  patois  in  its  purity. 

During  July  and  August  I  lived  at  Cutigliano,  a  pleasant 
little  village  in  the  Pistojese  mountains  near  San  Marcello. 
Wherever  I  went  abundant  opportunities  presented  them- 
selves for  hearing  the  natives  speak  their  dialect.  Since  the 
literary  language  is  taught  in  all  the  schools,  the  patois  is 
gradually  dying  out ;  in  fact  one  cannot  get  the  dialect  in  its 
absolute  purity  except  from  the  older  inhabitants,  and  espe- 
cially from  the  old  women. 

In  the  following  monograph  I  have  proved  that  the  orthog- 
raphy of  the  MSS.  is  phonetic ;  by  the  side  of  the  old  MS. 
forms  are  put  the  modern  products,  just  as  they  are  pronounced 
by  the  people  to-day. 


THE    PHONOLOGY   OF    THE    PISTOJESE    DIALECT. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


I.     PlSTOJESE. 

XIIIc. 

1.  Documento  Pistojese  del  1259.  Firenze,  R.  Archivio  di 
Stato,  scrittura  originate,  edita  da  F.  Berlan  nel  Propugnatore 
IX,  255 l  (MS.  1259). 

2.  Volgarizzamento  dei  Trattati  Morali  di  Albertano  Giu- 
dice  di  Brescia  da  Soffredi  del  Grazia  notaro  Pistoiese.  Fatto 
innanzi  al  1278,  Trovato  da  Sebastiano  Ciampi.  Firenze, 
1832  (AL). 

3.  Le  Rime  di  Oino  da  Pistoja,  ed.  da  Bindi  e  Fanfani, 
Pistoja,  1878  (Cino). 

XIVc. 

1.  MS.  No.  1.     Pistoia,  1307,  di  Luglio,  cart,2  (MS.  1307). 

2.  MS.  No.  2.  Allogazione  di  una  bottega  di  prestiti  a 
pegno,  Pistoja,  cart.,  1397,  sett.  30,  ott,  1 2  (MS.  1397). 

3.  Statuti  di  S.  Jacopo  di  Pistoja  volgarizzati  Vanno 
MCCCXIII  da  Bellebuoni.  Pubblicati  da  S.  Ciampi,  Pisa, 
1814  (J.). 

4.  Istorie  Pistoled  daWanno  MCCC  al  MCCCXLVIII, 
Prato,  1835  (I.  P.). 

5.  MS.  1311-1338,  Archivio  di  Stato  di  Firenze  (MS. 
1311). 

6.  MS.  1330,  Archivio  di  Stato  di  Firenze  (MS.  1330). 

7.  MS.  1339,  Archivio  di  Stato  di  Firenze  (MS.  1339). 

8.  MS.  1362,  Archivio  di  Stato  di  Firenze  (MS.  1362). 

1  Also  published  by  E.  Monaci  in  bis  Crestornazia  italiana  dei  primi  secoli, 
pp.  160-1. 

2  Published  by  me  in  Mod.  Lang.  Notes,  vol.  vni,  cols.  207-12. 


4  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

9.  Meditatione  sulla  poverty  di  Santo  Francesco,  Pistoia,  1 847 
(8.  Fr.). 

10.  L' Apocalisse,  MS.  esistente  nell'  Archivio  Capitolare 
della  Cattedrale  di  Pistoia  (Ap.). 

XVc. 

1.  Capitoli  della  Gabella  de  Vino  fatti  per  la  citta  di  Pistoia 
nel  1444,  MS.  Biblioteca  Forteguerri,  Pistoja,  E.  382  (MS. 
1444). 

XVIc. 

1.  Capitoli  dell'  Opera  di  S.  Pier  Maggiore  di  Pistoia,  del 
1511,  MS.  Biblioteca  Forteguerri,  Pistoja  (MS.  1511). 

2.  Capitoli  dell'  Opera  di  San  Pier  Maggiore  di  Pistoia,  di 
nuovo  compilati  nel  1535,  MS.  Biblioteca  Forteguerri,  Pistoja, 
E.  374  (MS.  1535). 

3.  Capitoli  della  Gabella  del  Yino  per  gli  anni  1 542  e  1543, 
MS.  Biblioteca  Forteguerri,  Pistoja,  E.  382  (MS.  1542). 

XVIIIc. 

1.  Lori,  Jacopo,  La  Festa,  pubbl.  Pistoia,  1880. 

2.  Lori,  Jacopo,  Serenata,  pubbl.  Pistoia,  1889. 

3.  Lori,  Jacopo,  ha  Ilea  di  Polito,  con  annotazioni  filo- 
logiche  di  Pietro  Fanfani,  Pistoia,  1870  (If.). 

XIXc. 

1.  Le  Selve  della  Montagna  Pistoiese,  canti  tre,  dell'  Ab. 
Giuseppe  Tigri,  Pistoia,  1844  (Selve). 

2.  Vocabolario  dell'  Uso  Toscano  corapilato  da  Pietro  Fan- 
fani, Firenze,  1863  (Efeo). 

3.  Saggio  di  uno  Studio  sopra  il  Vernacolo  montalese  da 
Gherardo  Nerucci,  Milano,  1465  (&)• 

4.  Guida  della  Montagna  Pistoiese  con  una  carta  topogra- 
jica,  Pistoia,  1868. 


THE   PHONOLOGY  OF   THE  PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  5 

5.  Voci  e  Maniere  del  Parlar  Fiorentino  di  Pietro  Fanfani, 
Firenze,  1870  (V.  and  M.). 

6.  Cincelle  da  Bambini  da  Gherardo  Nerucci,  Pistoia,  1881 
(C). 

7.  Pratica  della  Grammatica  per  le  scuole  elementari  del 
circondario  di  Pistoia,  proposta  da  un  Pistoiese,  Pistoia,  1887 
{Gr.  P.). 

8.  Delizie  del  Parlar e  Toscano  di  Giambattista  Giuliani, 
Firenze,  1889. 

9.  Due  Letter e  di  un  Montanino  Pistoiese,  pubbl.  da  A. 
Chiappelli,  Pistoia,  1889  (Due  Lett.). 

10.  Sonetti  Popolari  da  Alfredo  Pasquali,  Pistoia,  1890. 

11.  Sessanta  Novelle  Popolari  Montalesi  da  Gherardo 
Nerucci,  Firenze,  1890. 

II.   General. 

1.  ArcMvio  Glottologico  Ltaliano,  Ascoli  (A.  G.). 

2.  Biondelli,  B.,  Saggio  sui  dialetti  gallo-italici,  Milano, 
1853. 

3.  Brugmann,  K.,  Comparative  Grammar  of  the  Indo- Ger- 
manic Languages,  translated  from  the  German  by  Joseph 
Wright,  Strassburg  and  New  York,  1888  (Compar.  Gram.). 

4.  Caix,  Origini  della  Lingua  Poetica  Ltaliana,  Firenze, 
1880  (Origini). 

5.  Caix,  Dialetti  d}  Ltalia,  Parma,  1872  (Dial.  d'Ltal). 

6.  Caix,  Studi  di  Etimologia  Ltaliana  e  Romanza,  Firenze, 
1878  (Studi). 

7.  Fernow,  Romische  Studien,  vol.  3,  Zurich,  1806-8  (Rom. 
Stud.). 

8.  Gellrich,  Lntelligenza,  Breslau,  1883  (Intell.). 

9.  Grober,  G.,  Grundriss  der  Romanischen  Philologie,  Strass- 
burg, 1886. 

10.  Hirsch,  "  Laut-  und  Formenlehre  des  Dialekts  von 
Siena,"  in  Zeitschrift  fur  Romanische  Philologie,  IX,  X  (Zs., 
IX,  X). 


b  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

11.  Korting,  G.,  Lateinisch-romanisches  Worlerbuch,  Pader- 
born,  1891  (Wb.). 

12.  Lippi,  L.,  II  Malmantile  Racquistato,  di  Perlone  Zipoli, 
Mila.no,  1807  (Mai.  Mac). 

13.  Longfellow,  H.  W.,  "  Italian  Dialects,"  in  North  Ameri- 
can Review,  vol.  35  (N.  Amer.  Rev.). 

14.  Mariani,  Fr.,  "Assetta,"  in  Teatro  Italiano  Antico,  vol. 
X,  Milano,  1809-12. 

15.  Meyer-Liibke,  W.,  Italienische   Grammatik,   Leipzig, 
1890  (Ital.  Gram.). 

16.  Meyer-Liibke,  Grammaire  des  Langues  Romanes,  Tra- 
duction francaise  par  E.  Rabiet,  Paris,  1890  (Gram.  Rom.). 

17.  Modern  Language  Notes,  A.  Marshall  Elliott,  Manag- 
ing Editor,  Baltimore  (Mod.  Lang.  Notes). 

18.  Monaci,  E.,  Crestomazia  Italiana  dei  Primi  Secoli,  Citta 
di  Castello,  1889  (Crest). 

19.  Mussafia,    Beitrdge   zur   Kunde   der   norditalienischen 
Mundarten  im  15.  Jahrhundert,  Wien,  1873  [Beitrdge). 

20.  Papanti,  G.,  /  parlari  italiani  in  Certaldo,  Livorno, 
1875. 

21.  Parodi,  E.  G.,  Dialetti  Toscani,  Romania,  XVIII. 

22.  Pieri,  S.,  "  Fonetica  del  dialetto  lucchese,"  in  Archivio 
Glottologico  Italiano,  XII  (A.  G.,  XII). 

23.  Pieri,  S.,  "  Fonetica  del  dialetto  pisano,"  in  Archivio 
Glottologico  Italiano,  XII  (A.  G.,  XII). 

24.  Puccino,  Cento  Sonetti  in  Vernacolo  Fiorentino,  Firenze, 
1890  ( C.  Son.). 

25.  Romania,  Paris. 

26.  Salvioni,  Fonetica  del  Dialetto  Moderno  della  cittd  di 
Milano,  Torino,  1884  (Dial.  Mod.). 

27.  Seelmann,  E.,  Die  Aussprache  des  Latein,  Heilbronn, 
1885. 

28.  Schneegans,  Laute  und  Lautentwiclcelung  des  Sicilian- 
isches  Dialectes,  Strassburg,  1888  (Sicil.  Dial.). 

29.  Schuchardt,  H.,  Der  Vokalismus  des  Vidgdrlateins,  3 
vols.,  Leipzig,  1866  (Vokalismus). 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  7 

30.  Tanfucio,  Cento  Sonetti  in  Vernacolo  Pisano,  Firenze, 
1872  (C.  Son.). 

31.  Wendriner,  Die  Paduanische  Mundart  bei  Rusante, 
Breslau,  1889  (Pad.  Mund). 

32.  Zarnbaldi,  Vocabolario  Etimologico  Italiano,  Citta  di 
Castello,  1889. 

33.  Zehle,  H.,  Laut-  und  Flexionslehre  in  Dante's  Divina 
Commedia,  Marburg,  1886  (Laut-  und  Flex.). 

34.  Zeilschrift  fur  Romanische  Pkilologie,  G.  Grober,  Halle 
(Zs.). 

35.  Zuccagni-Orlandini,  A.,  Raccolta  di  Dialetti  Italiani, 
Firenze,  1864  (Race). 


VOWELS, 


§  1.    Tonic  a. 
(a)    a  remains. 

1.  -ario,  the  learned  form,  is  found  in  old  Pistojese  where 
the  modern  has  -ajo :  operario  (J.,  3). 

2.  -aro,  half-learned:  ventaliaro  (Gr.  P.,  43). — Cf.  Luc. 
calsolaro,  capettaro,  Race,  246. 

3.  -are:  cavattare  (Rice,  5). 

4.  -aio  is  found  in  old  Pistojese  :  denaio  (I.  P.,  437). — Cf. 
Luc.  denaio,  B.  Luc,  12. 

5.  -ajo,  half-learned:  boajo  (j  =  ii)} 

6.  -aglio2  is  used  along  the  valley  of  the  Lima,  particularly 
from  Cutigliano  to  the  Lucchese  mountains.  Most  of  my 
examples  are  taken  from  the  Mea  di  Polito : 3  gennaglio 
(31.  8),  acciaglio  12,  staglio  16,  agoraglio  25,  merciaglio,  mer- 
daglio,  acquaglio  30,  macellaglio  43,  pollaglio  91,  carbonaglio 

1  cf.  Petrocchi,  Vocab.  Pron.  e  Orl.,  p.  X. 

2cf.  Caix,  Dial,  d'llal,  p.  210,  n.  2.  3cf.  Introduction. 


VE&SIT 


8  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

108, Feraglio  (Due Lett.,  19),  liscaglio  (Uso,  49);  paglio  pSrium 
(M.  23)  is  not  a  suffix. — Cf.  Luc.  febbraglio,  Race,  253,  gra- 
naglio,  fornaglio.1 

7.  -aglia:  grondaglia  (M.  92),  migliaglia  102,  anguinaglia 
(  Uso,  505),  fungaglia,  poveraglia.2 

(b)  a  >  e:  deva  (31.  5),  andeva  (N.  123)  and  stem  160  are 
formed  by  analogy  with  verbs  of  the  second  conjugation, 
though  Wentrup  (Neapol.  31undart,  7) 3  cites  the  correspond- 
ing Neapolitan  forms  fteva  and  steva  as  examples  of  phonetic 
change. — Cf.  Sen.  dea,  stea  ;  4 — Luc.  devo,  stevo,  andevo  ; 5 — 
Pis.  devo,  andevo.6 

(c)  a>e. 

1.  Before  n:  dechiarendo  (MS.  1444),  trionfente  (C.  25)  and 
sanguinente  26  are  formed  by  analogy  with  the  second  conju- 
gation.— Cf.  Sen.  lavorente.1 

2.  Before  r :  sberno  exbraniim  (31.  43)  and  peri  pariiim 
(I.  P.,  466)  are  Gallicisms ;  the  e  in  eria  (8.,  6),  found  only 
in  alVeria,  is  due  to  dissimilation ;  era  <  ariam  :  primer a- 
[??ienfe]  Al.,  75,  lumera  (Cino,  228),  manera  184. 

(d)  a>ie. 

-ieri  <  -aritim,  under  French  influence,8  is  a  very  common 
form  in  both  old  and  modern  Pistojese :  consilieri  (Al.  41), 
pe7isiei*i  58,  gabelUeri,  gonfalonieri  (J.  9),  cancellieri  11,  ter- 
zieri  24,  sparvieri  29,  destrieri  (I.  P.  6),  forestierl  451,  staffieri 
(Rice.,  7),  mazieri  60,  aversieri  (31.  50),  cavalieri  68,  cimieri, 
arcieri  68,  n.,  levrieri  (8.  94),  par avieri  110,  carubinieri  116, 
camberieri  (C.  60),  barbieri  (N.  12),  currkri  14,  perruclxleri 
2S0,giardinieri  (Gr.  P.  10),  panieri  13,  quartieri  16,meschieri 
17,  brigadieri  23. — Cf.  Sen.  cancellieri,  candelieri,  carnieri, 
cavalieri,  cellieri,  conseglieri,  destrieri,  dispensieri,  enfermieri, 

lA.  G.,  XII,  116. 

'Giuliani,  Deliz.  d.  Pari.  Tosc,  XI,  340. 
3A.  G.,  IV,  147.  4  Zs.,  IX,  433-4. 

14.  G.,  XII,  109.  6  /Wd.,  142.  7  Zs.,  IX,  520. 

sFor  another  explanation  cf.  Ascoli,  A.  G.  I,  484-5,  n.,  and  Canello, 
A.  G.  Ill,  301. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  9 

foredieri,  fornieri,  gonfalonieri,  ingegnieri,  leggieri,  mestieri, 
panieri,  pel(l)egrinieri,  pensieri,  scardazzieri,  spezieri,  verzieri;1 
— Luc.  forestieri  B.  Luc,  38,  banchieri  71,  vinactieri  72,  ovrieri 
101,  Droghieri  (Race.  248); — Sioil.  pimpieri,  argentieri,  curri- 


eri,  cammerieri.2 


Variants. 


(a)  a  >  i:  brindolo  O.  H.  G.  brato  (S.  7). 

(b)  a  (+  n)  >  q:  gronchio,  (A.  G.  XII,  130),  cignco,  128. — 
Cf.  Luc.  gronchio  A.  G.  XII,  130,  cignco,  128. 

§  2.    Atonic  a. 
1.    Pretonic  a. 

(a)  a  (-f-  r)  remains  under  influence  of  the  Lucchese(?): 
diavularia  (31.  8),  porearia  12,  biancaria  24,  gallantaria  64, 
chiacchiaria  65,  furfantaria,  villanaria  77,  grazionaria  86, 
acquarello  (8.  27),  ostaria  (Gr.  P.  43). — Cf.  Sen.  amarb,  ama- 
rei,  etc. ; 3 — Luc.  argentaria,  porearia,  calzarotto,  caldarone, 
lazzaretto;* — Pis.  pagaria,  cavallaria,  Catarina,  comparare, 
Stentarello,  Migliarino,  condannarb,  confessarae,  lasciaremo.5 

(b)  a^>  e. 

1.  Before  r:  cherubine  (M.  33);  the  following  three  ex- 
amples are  due  to  dissimilation  :  seramento  (Al.  68),  mercaix 
(Gr.  P.  40),  deranno. 

2.  By  incomplete  assimilation :  Bietrice  (B.  77),  Sensone 
(C.  99). 

3.  Special  cases  :  setanasso  (Rice,  57),  by  dissimilation, 
trebucco  (J.  25)  cf.  Fr.  trebucher. — Cf.  Sen.  effetto  =  affetto, 
Nepoleone,  secrestia,  seramento  ; 6 — Pis.  Sensogna  =  Sassonia, 
Bernabe. 

(c)  a  >  i. 

1.  In  hiatus:  piese  pagensgm  (Rice,  30)  by  incomplete 
assimilation. 

1  Zs.,  IX,  521.  *  A.  O.,  XII,  113. 

'l Schneegans,  Sicil.  Dial.,  23.  "Ibid.,  143. 

3Zs.}  IX,  523.  BZs.,  IX,  522. 


10  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

2.  By  the  influence  of  the  following  s,  z  the  a  is  raised  to 
the  i:  monisterio  (B.  80),  niscondere  (C.  84),  oulizione  10. 

3.  By  dissimilation  :  imbasciadore,  imbaciata  (Rice,  22). — 
Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  monisterio;1 — Flor.  monistero  Purg.,  XVIII, 
122,  colizione  Tancia,  976,  caticrisma  C.  Son.,  10  ; — Sen.  colizi- 
one  C.  Son.,  68  ; — Luc.  imbasciatore  Can.  Pop.,  17  ; — N.  Ital. 
munistiero,  mortilitade.2 

(d)  a  >  o. 

1.  Before  labial:  oprire,  perhaps  formed  according  to  eop- 
rire;3  opritura,  oprimento  (C.  85). 

2.  Before  I,  r  by  assimilation  :  olocco  alucum4  (Gi\  P.  15), 
eorogio  Grk.  al/xoppayla  (M.  90),forbottare  barbuliare  (C.  11). 

3.  Before  n :  sgronchirse  crfinciilire  (31.  90),  scioncare,  §  1, 
variants,  (b). — Cf.  Flor.  occidente  Tancia,  948  ; — Rom.  oprire 
(Belli,  9).5  ' 

(e)  a  >  u. 

1.  Before  labial :  cherubine  (31.  33),  carubinieri  (S.  116), 
cammumilla  (Gr.  P.  16). 

2.  Special  cases :  intrurompere  (Al.  23)  is  due  to  incomplete 
assimilation,  uccidentale  (Al.  54)  is  influenced  by  uccidere,  and 
usciolo  asiSluni  (S.  6)  by  uccello. — Cf.  Aret.  cherubina  (Belli);5 
Rom.  cherubigneri  (Belli,  Son.,  165).5 

Apheresis. 

liso  allisum  (Uso,  40),  locco  533,  roganza  834,  uto  (C.  8), 
'gnamo  9,  leatio  79,  micizia  (Gr.  P.  19). — Cf.  Flor.  liso  (Uso, 
40),  gnamo  C.  Son.,  43  ; — Sen.  manza,  Vignone,6  'oidai  (C.  Son., 
32),  'u(o  52; — Pis.  'gnamo  C.  Son.,  5; — N.  Ital.  giron,  sassino.7 

Syncope. 

Pretonic  a  is  sometimes  syncopated  in  the  Fut.  and  Condit. 
tenses  of  the  strong  verbs  in  -are:  drae  (Al.  33),  slranno  (J. 

1Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  203.  2Mussafia,  Beitrage,  111. 

3  Meyer-Liibke,  Hal.  Gram.,  §  51 ;  Grober,  A.  L.  L.,  Ill,  140. 

4  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  180.  6  Zs.,  IX,  523. 

5  Quoted  by  Caix,  Dial,  d Ital,  205.       7  Mussafia,  Beitrage,  115. 


THE    PHONOLOGY    OF   THE    PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  11 

3),  strae  4,  strd  (M.  89),fresti,frebbe. — The  syncope  of  pretonic 
a  in  the  strong  verbs  in  -are  is  also  a  strong  Florentine  charac- 
teristic: strd  Tancia,  892,/rd  895, /rd  908,  fremmo  916,  strem 
930,  drei  958,  dra,  stra,fresti,frebbe; 1 — Lnc.  dra,  B.  Luc,  59. 

Prosthesis. 

1.  Prosthetic  a  (-\-l,  r)  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  modern 
Pistojese ;  the  I  or  r  is  doubled. 

(a)  + 1:  allaccare  (S.  31),  alloscire,  allonzare,  allogagione  32, 
allastrico  Uso  41. 

(/3)  +  r :  arritornare  (S.  6),  arraccomandare,  arricordare 
37,  arraccontare,  arriverciare,  arrosolire,  arrammentare  (C 
53),  arreplicb  (JV.  6),  arripesco  ('  Stor.,'  8),  arrimettilo  6,  am's- 
contrare  12,  arriposare.2 

2.  Before  other  consonants  than  Z,  r;  abbeneclie'  (C.  11), 
accapare  (8.  26),  accost  (iV.  6),  addimandare  (Stor.,  15), 
appopolato  (Gr.  P.  35),  assurtire,  assommare  (8.  41),  assapere 
(C.  54),  asserbato  (N.  35). — Cf.  Sen.  ar(r)acomandare,  arra- 
comidare,  arrandellare,  arrassomigliare,  arrendare,  arricor- 
dare, abbisognare,  acconvenire,  accosie,  allapidare,  appoplare, 
as(s)apere,  assortire;3 — also  in  Aret.  and  Rom.; — Corton. 
arrimpire   Race,    265 ; — Neapol.    abbasta,    abballo,   accossl, 

arrendere,  attassare} 

Metathesis. 

stranuzzire  (V.  and  M.,  179). 

2.    Post-tonic  a. 

Variants, 
(a)   a  remains. 

1.  Before  r:  zuccaro. 

2.  Morphological  are  ogna5  (Al.  14)  from  neuter  plural 
omnia,  dua  (C.  20)  from  neuter  plural  dua,  mana  (N.  332), 

1  N.  Amer.  Rev.,  1832,  p.  319.  4  Collez.  Napol.,  XXVIII,  6. 

8  Arch.  Trad.  Pop.,  Ill,  373.  bA.  G.,  XII,  113. 

3Zs.,  IX,  521-22. 


12  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

formed  by  analogy  with  feininines  of  I  declension,  fuora  ftfras, 
formed  according  to  contra  and  other  adverbs.1 — Cf.  Flor.  ugna, 
dua,  fuora,  mana,  zuccaro; — Sen.  zuecaro  Race.,  283; — Luc. 
and  Pis.  dua,  ugna,  trea,  and  the  proparoxy tones  zuccaro,  can- 
taro,  gambaro,  Lazzaro;2 — N.Ital.  zucaro? 

(b)  a  >  e:  Cesere  (C.  62)  by  assimilation  or  under  the  influ- 
ence of  r. — Cf.  Sen.  sighero,  C.  Son.,  31. 

(c)  a  >  i:  canipa  (Gr.  P.  11)  by  dissimilation. 

(d)  a  >  o:  scandolo  (Ap.  11)  influenced  by  the  I. 

Epithesis. 

ina  (Al.  43)  <  ine  <  in,  okimmea  (S.  7)  where  the  a  repre- 
sents an  off-glide. 

Apocope. 
un'  (undo),  Gr.  P.  12. 

E 

§  3.    Tonic  e. 

(a)    e>e. 

1.  In  open  syllable:  tenia  (Gr.P.,49);  the  oxy tones  me, 
te,  re,  ire  are  learned  ;  neve*  (Gr.  P.  41),  nei  50,  deve  are  due 
to  dissimilation; — cf.  Rom.  re,  me,  te;5 — Piacen.  re,  tre;6 — 
Mil.  tre.5 

(°)  ?  >  C/e;  m?jei  t?je>  tr?je  (M-)>  ^ne  e  '1S  lengthened  so  that 
an  off-glide  e  is  developed  and  then  j  is  inserted  to  break 
hiatus. — Cf.  South  Italian  teje,  seje,7  and  especially  Neapolitan.8 

(c)  e  >  ie.. 

1.    In  open  syllable. 

a.  After  a  palatal  in  old  Pistojese :  increscievile  (Al.  23), 
dolciez(z)a  27,  agievile  52,  dicieva  (Ap.  5),  ricieve  11,  piangiea 
23,  merciede  47,  dispiacievole  73,  ciena  81,  facieano  (I.  P.  17). — 

1  Meyer-Liibke,  Hal.  Gram.,  \  107. 

*A.  G.,  XII,  113,  144.  3  Mussafia,  Beitrdge,  112. 

4cf.  Tuscan  neve  by  the  side  of  neve.  Meyer-Liibke,  Gram.  Rom.,  \  115. 

5  Meyer-Liibke,  Gram.  Rom.,  g 114.  7Caix,  Diet*,  d'itai.,  256. 

6  Zs.,  XIV,  137.  8  N.  Amer.  Rev.,  1832,  p.  308. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  13 

Cf.  Flor.  dicievo  Uso,  92  ;— Luc.  facievo1  Uso,  92,  n.  3  ;— 
Tuscan  diciea  B.  D'Ant.,2  59,  piaciere,  ricieve,  ciera  63,  gla- 
cier e  65. 

/3.  After  n:  Valdinievole  (L  P.  25),  nieve. — Cf.  Luc.  Val- 
dinievole, B.  Lug.,  5; — Pis.  nieve;3 — N.  Ital.  nieve.4 

2.    In  closed  syllable. 

After  a  palatal :  Franeiesco,  Cieeco  (Gr.  P.  21). 

Variants. 

(a)  e  remains. 

1.  In  open  syllable:  menima  (Al.  10)  formed  on  meno ; 
primavera. 

2.  In  closed  syllable :  arckitetto  follows  diminutives  in 
-etto.5 

(b)  e  (+  palatal)  >  ei:  reie  reggm  {Al.  53). 

(c)  e>*. 

1.  In  open  syllable  :  nimo  nemo  (C.  9),  influenced  by 
niuno.  Meyer-Lubke6  says  nimo  is  formed  upon  nissuno, 
but  are  not  nimo  and  nissuno  (both  popular  forms)  formed 
according  to  niuno?1  dipo  de  +  p5st  (AL  21),  despiri  (Cino, 
145). — Cf.  Flor.  nimo,  nissuno; — Luc.  nimmo;8 — Pis.  nimo, 
dipo.9 

2.  In  closed  syllable :  isse  lpsiim  (Al.  22),  cuV  6c[cum]  + 
Hie  (C  15).— Cf.  Flor.  qui'  C.  Son.,  9;— Sen.  gista  (=  questa) 
Assetta,  263. 

§  4.    Tonic  e. 
(a)    e  remains. 

1.  In  hiatus:  Deo  (Cino,  365),  meo  428.— Cf.  Flor.  deo 
(only  in  rhyme)  Purg.  XVI,  108 ;  meo  Petr.,  Son.,  26. 

1  Both  elements  of  the  diphthong  ie  are  pronounced. 

2  Zs.,  XV,  65.  4  Mussafia,  Beitrdge,  111. 

3  Meyer-Lubke,  Oram.  Rom.,  §  115.       5  Meyer-Lubke,  Ital.  Gram.,  \  62. 

6  Gram.  Rom.,  \  116. 

7  cf.  Ital.  Gram.,  \  56,  where  Meyer-Lubke  himself  thinks  nimo  is  formed 
according  to  niuno. 

«A.  G.,  XII,  109.  9Ibid.,  142. 


14 


J.    D.    BRUNER. 


2.  In  open  syllable:  In  the  learned  words  petro  (Al.  4), 
convene  13,  sede  (Cino  22),  tene  356,  vene  (in  rhyme)  357, 
mele  (8.  Fr.  23),  dreto  d'retlr^o  (M.  19),  a#e»o  (iV.  56),  ceto, 
ceco(Gr.  P.  20),  Cfesarc  46,  ^r^e,  rc##e,  kgge.—Cf.  Flor.  drefo 
^awcia,  888,  Petro  905,  petraFetr.f,Son.,(4,  ritene  21,  ven  140, 
tewe  146,  dece  200 ;— Luc.  vene  B.  Luc,  22,  tene  23  ;— Gen.  ten, 
ven,  dexe  d6c6m,  inseme;1 — Alatri  mele,pe&e;2 — Sicil.  deli,  meli 
with  final  i,  petra.3 

3.  In  closed  syllable. 

a.  Before  nas.  -f  cons.  :  In  the  learned  words  scendere  (Gr. 
P.  49),  faecenda,  grembo  gremium ;  tempio  is  formed  under 
the  influence  of  tempo. 

p.  Before  open  cons. :  fancello  (Al.  42)  is  due  to  change  of 
suffix,4  stella,  ellera  hederani,  ermo  6r6milm.— Cf.  Logdu.  stella, 
erta:5 — Mil.  stella.6 

(b)  e  (in  closed  syllable)  >  e. 

1.  Before  n' :  vegno  (Cino,  139),  tegno — the  n'  raises  the 
e  to  e. 

2.  eutrettola7  cauda  +  trepidam  follows  diminutives  in  -etto. 

(c)  e>ie. 

1.  Before  hiatus  i:  rid  (Al.  38),  Graciadiei  (MS.  1364), 
ski,  es  (M.  70). 

2.  In  open  syllable. 

a.  After  a  palatal :  primogienito  (Ap.  3),  cietere  23,  gieneri 
(Gr.  P.  43). 

/3.  After^  other  consonants:  lievora  (Al.  7),  sieguito  14, 
siedere  <  sSdere  <  severe  (if.  22),  m>#o  (C  32), '  liepre  39, 
fteya  (Gr.  P.  19),  and  even  after  cons.  -f  r:  priego  (8.  Fr.  8) 
by  the  side  of  Flor.  prego  8  Tancia,  902  ;  brieve ',  grieve  (Cino, 
308)  is  out  of  secondary  e. — In  early  Tuscan  the  diphthong  ie 

1  Ibid.,  X,  144.  3  Schneegans,  Sicil.  Dial,  17. 

2  Meyer-Liibke,  Ital.  Gram.,  §  45.         *  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  II. 

bA.  G.,  XIII,  137.     This  e  is  not  so  open,  however,  as  in  Tuscan.     Ibid., 
140,  n.  1. 
6  Meyer-Liibke,  Ital.  Gram.,  \  91. 
Ubid.,  \  62.  *Ibid.,  I  88. 


THE    PHONOLOGY    OF    THE    PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  15 

and  the  simple  e  are  found  side  by  side.  Dante  uses  ie  in 
open  syllable  rarely :  triegua  Inf.  VII,  88  -,—Intell.  niego, 
priego,  lievo ; — Bocc.  priego,  Dec.  I,  1 J  B.  D'Anl.  priego, 
lieva;1 — Sen.  lieva  by  the  side  of  leve,  Pietro,  Petro,  Siena, 
Sena;2 — Pad.  priega,  lieva,  mierita,  sieguita;3 — old  Venet. 
lievore,  brieve,  lieve,  grieve,  niega,  siegua,  prieghi;*  N.  Ital. 
priego.5 

3.  In  closed  syllable.  This  phenomenon  is  quite  common, 
particularly  in  old  Pistojese  when  the  e  is  preceded  by  a  pala- 
tal and  followed  by  a  nas.  +  cons.  Both  elements  of  the 
diphthong  ie  are  pronounced.6 

a.  The  old  gerundives  nosciendo  (Al.  2S),faciendo  27,  vegi- 
endo  (B.  77),  diciendo  (Ap.  7),  affligiendosi  49,  piangiendo  77. 

j3.  Vincienzo  (Al.  27),  ciento  (B.  81),  incienso  (Ap.  33), 
argiento  41,  piangienti  77,  giente  (Gr.  P.  21). 

<y.  e  followed  by  nas.  -f-  cons.,  but  not  preceded  by  a  pala- 
tal :  The  gerundives  habiendo  (J.  15),  volliendo  (Al.  55),poni- 
endo  5Q,formiendo  (I.  P.  247),  sappiendo  (8.  Fr.  62),  and  the 
modern  forms  tiengo  (31.  21),  viengo  (C.  18). 

8.    e  preceded  by  a  palatal  but  not  followed  by  nas.  +  cons. : 

statieia  (Al.  4)  probably  out  of  st&tgria,7  cierto  27,  lucierna 

(Ap.  79),  ricietto  (M.  153),  uceiello  auegllum  (Gr.  P.  20).— Cf. 

Flor.  ciento  Crest,  20,  deciembre  28,  tiengo  C.  Son.,  38,  vienga 

51 ; — Sen.  viengo  C.  Son.,  7  ; — Luc.  sapiendo  B.  Luc,  3,  abbi- 

endo  55,  facciendosi  64,  tiengo,  viengo;8 — Pis.  tiengo,  viengo;9 

— B.  D'Ant.  ciento  Zs.,  XV,  56,  digiendo  58,  cierto  60,  argiento 

61,  cierbia  67  ; — Neapol.  priesto,  tormiento,  cappiello,  castiello, 

viento.10 

Variants. 

(a)  e  (+  n  -f-  cons.)  >  a  in  old  Pistojese:  sostenanze (Al.  20), 
sanza  kbsgntia  (B.  82). — Cf.  Flor.  sustanza,  Par.  VII,  5, 

1  Zs.,  XV,  63,  68.  6  Also  in  Lucchese.   Cf.  Uso,  92,  n.  3. 

2Ibid.,  IX,  523.  7Parodi,  Romania,  XVIII,  596. 

3  Wendriner,  Pad.  Mund.,  8.  8  A.  O.,  XII,  164. 

4  A.  G.,  XII,  248.  9 1  bid.,  176. 

5  Mussafia,  Beitrage,  111.  10  Collez.  Napol.,  XXVIII,  5. 


16  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

sanza  IntelL,  155; — Aret.  sanza  (Billi);1 — sanza  is  found  iu 
many  old  Tuscan  texts  ; 2 — Fr.  sans. 

(b)  e  (-f  n')  after  a  palatal  >  ie:  ingiegnio  lnggnmm  (Gr. 
P.  25) ;  the  n'  raises  the  e  to  e. 

(c)  e  (in  open  syllable)  >  i:  migghio  (8.  5)  by  assimilation, 
undicima  (Al.  8)  influenced  by  undid. 

(d)  f  (in  closed  syllable)  >  u:  nuse  6xit  (N.  89)  formed  by 
analogy  with  pretonic  u  in  uscire  =  uscio  +  6xlre. — Cf.  Pis. 


usee.3 


§  5.    Atonic  e. 

1.    Pretonic  e. 
(a)   e  remains. 

1.  In  hiatus  :  neuno  (Al.  3),  ciascheuno  12  is  the  primitive 
and  legitimate  form  out  of  quisqug  +  unum  ; 4  neente  (J.  P. 
109). — Cf.  Brunetto  Latini,  who  has  neuno,  neente,whi\e  Dante 
has  the  forms  in  i;  both,  however,  have  the  forms  leone,  kale, 
beato,  creare;5 — IntelL  neente  130; — Luc.  neuno  '  B.  Luc.,'  4, 
cescheuno  93. 

2.  Latinisms  are  incontenente  (Al.  21),  Melano  (Rice.,  22), 
pregione  (Cino,  435),  asseguro  (31.  107),  securo  (Gr.  P.  41); 
original  Latin  pretonic  e  is  also  preserved  in  averebbe  (I.  P. 
177),  affinechZ  256,  operire  (S.  6),  adoperare  (C.  47),  serebbe 
(N.  28),  saperrd,  46,  lemosena  200,  avvederai  439,  poterebbe 
452. — Cf.  Sen.  mesurare,  pregione,  securo,  fenestra,  Renaldo, 
segnore;6 — Luc.  serd  P.  Pwc,  28,  poteranno  79,  menuto  81, 
seguro, pregione;7 — Pis.  awerd  0.  /S'on.,  22,  securo,  mesura,  Mel- 
ano, pregione; 8 — P.  TP Ant.  averebbe,  saperebbe,  poterebbe; 9 — 
Aret.  securo  Guit.,  6,  pregione  14  ; — Petr.  secura  7  ; — modern 
poetry  prefers  nepote,  securo,  etc.;10 — Logdu.  mesura;11 — Pad. 

1  Quoted  by  Caix,  Died,  d'ltal,  205. 

2  Zs.,  IX,  524.  i  A.  G.,  XII,  113. 

3  A.  G.,  XII,  142.  8  Ibid.,  144. 

4  Caix,  Studi,  I  20.  9  Zs.,  XV,  72-3. 

5  Zehle,  Laut-  und  Flex.,  21.  10  Caix,  Origini,  61 . 

6  Zs.,  IX,  532-3.  nA.  G.,  XIII,  106. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  17 

segure,  mesura,  preson  ; 1 — Gen.  preson,  mesura,  seguro,  segnor, 
besogno,  and  in  the  proclitics  and  enclitics  me,  te,  se.2 

3.  The  prefix  de-  is  sometimes  preserved  :  denanzi  (Al. 
9),  dechiarendo  (MS.  1444),  defetto  (N.  276),  defende  (Gr.  P. 
36),  deliberare,  desiderare,  devenire. — Cf.  Flor.  depende  Par. 
XXVIII,  42,  desiderio  Par.  XXXIII,  48,  by  the  side  of 
disiderio  Purg.  XV,  33  ; — Sen.  denanzi,  defetto,  dechiarare, 
deliberare,  devenire  ;3 — Luc.  and  Pis.  defetto.* 

(b)  e  >  a.  This  development  of  pretonic  e  >  a  is  a  promi- 
nent characteristic  of  both  old  and  modern  Pistojese;  the 
change  may  take  place  before  any  consonant  or  group  of  con- 
sonants. Assimilation  and  dissimilation  play  an  important 
part  in  this  development. 

1.  By  assimilation  :  aguale5  (Al.  13),  asaminare  43,  contas- 
tare  59,  damando  (I.  P.  230),  sanato  468,  raguardate  (S.  Fr. 
12),  maladire,  maladeggio  (S.  98),  malafera  nietaphSr&ni  [Gr. 
P.  13),  maladizione  15,  pallareccio  pal&t  +  erlcium  16,  sgan- 
garato  cancer  +  aturn6  (If.  107);  antrata  (Al.  23)  and  gian- 
darmi  (Son.  Pop.,  49)  are  influenced  by  the  nasal  (+  cons.).7 

2.  By  dissimilation  :  assempri  6x6mplum  (Al.  9),  amendare, 
aleg(g)ersi5  eliggre  13,  piatosa  (Cino,  308),  aterno  (M.  10,  n.), 
assercito  (S.  13),  abbreo5  (C  45). 

3.  Before  r :  quarelle  (M.  35),  arredi  heredem  48 ;  mar- 
coledie  (S.  7)  and  possibly  (?)  vennardl  187  are  influenced  by 
martedl;  sargente  s6rvi6nt6m  (Gr.  P.  11)  influenced  by  O.  H. 
G.  scarjo8  and  Span,  sargento;  iarsera  (Uso,  470). 

4.  Special  cases  :  afecto  (Al.  5)  =  efetto  is  confounded  with 
afetto;  dapoi  (31.  1534),  sagreto  =  secretum  +  sticrdttim  (M. 
10,  n.),  aducazione  (C.  44),  oppuramente  (N.  2)  is  formed  by 
analogy  with  solamente  and  other  adverbs ;  the  pretonic  a  in 
tutt'  addua  (N.  218)  comes  from  the  neuter  plural. — Cf.  Pop. 
Lat.  camaratum,  Marcator,  marcado,  pargamina,  Armogenes, 

1  "Wendriner,  Pad.  Mund.,  15.  5  Meyer-Liibke,  Ital.  Gram.,  \  137. 

1  Flechia,  A.  G.,  X,  147.  6  Canello,  A.  G.,  Ill,  360. 

3  Zs.,  IX,  532.  7  Meyer-Liibke,  Gram.  Rom.,  \  368. 

*A.  G.,  XII,  113,  144.  8Diez,  Worterbuch,  p.  292. 
2 


18  J.    D.   BRUNER. 

Calandina,  iantare,  aclesia,  Amatista,  Matauro  ; 1 — many  other 
dialects  change  pretonic  e  to  a  particularly  before  r:  Flor.  aterno 
Lam.  di  Cec,  3,  accellenza  33,  assendo,  sagreto  Tancia,  905, 
iarsera  919,  aducazione  C  Son.,  47,  sarvare  86,  sarvietta  96 ; 
— Sen.  iarsera,  venardl,  Arcolano,  arrare  (errare),  caldarone, 
comparare,  delibarare,  parsona,  povaretto,  serafino,  vitoparoso, 
Aduardo,  agualmente,  carastia,  piatoso,  sanatore;2 — Luc.  ven- 
nardie,  quarella,  gliarsera,3  cambariera  ; i — Pis.  venardie,  Vala- 
riano,  piata,  ialsera  =  iersera,b  aduazlone  C.  Son.,  47 ; — Corton. 
jarsera  Race,  258,  sappard  259 ; — Emil.  sarpent,  narburu,6 
arsira  ; 7 — Pad.  alletto,  piatoso,  spiandore,  arrore,  arsera, ; 8 — 
Gen.  asempio,  aspose,  aspeitar,  axalta,  axamiano,  arror,  mar- 
chante,  sarafim,  sarmon;9 — Mil.  quar&lla,  marmoria,  venardi, 
parchd;10 — N.  Ital.  damanda,  piatosa,  spiandore,  asperto,  adefi- 
care,  imparadore;11 — Campobasso,  maremma,  cumarella  (cu)cu- 
merella.12 

(c)  e  (-f-  palatal)  >•  ei  in  hiatus  in  old  Pistojese:  neiente  nee 
-4-  6nt6m  (Al.  9),  leiali  legalem  (J.  2). 

(d)  e>i. 

1.  In  hiatus. 

a.   e  -\-  a  >  i  +  a:  criatura  {Al.  63),  biato,  Biatrice  (B.  79), 
crianzia  (31.  83),  riavisassi  re  +  Sdvisare  (C.  93). 
/3.    e  +  a  >  i  +  e :  Bietriee  (B.  77). 
<y.    e  -\-  i^>  i  -\-  e:  dientro  de  -J-  intro  ( Or.  P.  22). 
8.    e  -f-  w>  i  +  o :  riobarbero  rfiubarbarum  (Gr.  P.  14). 

2.  By  assimilation. 

a.  siguitamente  (Al.  28),  pigiore  47,  milliore  49,  cilimoni&re 
(M.  75),  zinia  <yeved  (S.  10),  prioissione  processiongm  (C.  12), 
carizia  c&restiam  61,  discrizione  discretiongm  (N.  410),  spiri- 
menti  (Gr.  P.  13),  pittirosso  pectus  +  russurn  15,  appipito ; 

1  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  208-15.  7  Flechia,  A.  G.,  II,  11. 

aZs.,  IX,  529-30.  8  Wendriner,  Pad.  Mund.,  16. 

3  A.  G.,  XII,  113.  9  Flechia,  A.  G.,  X,  146-7. 

4  Baccolta,  347.  10  Salvioni,  Dial.  Mod.,  105. 

5  A.  G.,  XII,  144.  u  Mussafia,  Beitrage,  112,  115. 

6  Mussafia,  Romg.,  82.  u  D'Ovidio,  4.  (?.,  IV,  156. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  19 

the  prefix  de-  >  di-:  discrivere  (Al.  16),  diliberato  (I.  P.  98), 
dilicato  (Rice,  63),  disidero  (S.  Fr.  23),  dilicatezze  52 ;  the 
prefix  re-  >  ri-:  riplicare  (N.  32),  ribillione  152. 

3.  By  dissimilation  :  nicessita  (S.  Fr.  21);  the  prefix  de- 
>di-.*  dicretali  {Al.  16),  dinnegars  6;  the  prefix  re->n-: 
river enzia  (If.  79). 

4.  ex  <  is:  imminare  {Al.  43),  ismisurata  (Rice,  23),  isban- 
dire  (8.  8),  isventolare  92,  istravolto  extra,  +  vfllutiini  (iV.  2), 
iscoprendo  8,  ispaventosa  10,  ismovere  115;  also  es^>is:  istate 
aestatgm  (6r/\  P.  11),  istivali  aestivalgm  (Dite  ie^.,  13). 

5.  The  atonic  pronouns  me,  te  se  >  mi,  ti,  si  before  lo,  la, 
ne:1  si  ne  (Al.  21),  mi  ne  59,  mi  lo  (M.  14),  mi  la  25,  mi  V 
23,  mi  ?ie  15,  mi  n'  17,  £i  lo  21,  £i  fe  93,  si  la  95,  mi  Za,  ti  lo, 
silo(Uso,  678). 

6.  Special  cases :  isopo  (Al.  10)  and  convisatione  38,  where 
the  i  is  under  the  influence  of  the  s;  iguale  aequalgrn  (Al.  60), 
sicundo  (Rice,  103,  dipoi  (Cino,  13),  biltate  62,  and  vintura 
424  are  formed  according  to  the  regular  Italian  rule  for  the 
development  of  pretonic  e;  ubbidienza  (V.  and  M.  144)  is 
formed  according  to  ubbidire,  and  nissuno  (N.-N.  8)  accord- 
ing to  niuno.2 — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  Biates,  diliberat,  dilicatus,  dis- 
cribere,  disiderio,  sicunda,  etc.;3 — Flor.  biato  Lam.  di  Cec,  4, 
sipoltura  29,  binigno  Tancia,  884,  appipito  896,  cilimonie  899, 
nicistd  921,  pricission  925,  mimoria  926,  dilibrati,  nissun(o) 
945;  piggiore  Dec,  I,  1,  migliore  I,  2;  mi  n'andai  Tes.,  22; 
mine  passo  Intell.,  3 ; — Sen.  criatura,  biato,  Lionardo,  riale, 
appipito,  cimento,  cirimonia,  dinajo,  disiderio,  lunidl,  mimoro, 
nicisita,  pricissione,  sicondo,  sipoltura,  spiciale,  isbandire,  isco- 
prire,  iscusare,  iscumunicare,  ismontare,  ispedire,  istate,  isti- 
mare; i — Luc.  ghirone,  ciaschiduno,  vissica,  iscire; 5 — Pis.  issuto, 
vissica,  sigondo,  istate,  finire,  iscire,6  precissione  C.  Son.,  36, 
nissuno  48  ; — Aret.  apitito,  sirvito,  sintire ; 7  Corton.  priciso 

1  This  phenomenon  is  limited  almost  entirely  to  San  Marcello. 

2cf.  \  3.  (d)  1.  3Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  298-302,  382,  426. 

*  Zs.,  IX,  531,  533.  6  Ibid.,  144. 

5  A.  O.,  XII,  114.  *  Meyer-Liibke,  Gram.  Bom.,  I  35. 


20  J.   D.    BRUNEE. 

Race,  258,  sira  259,  nieisserio  260,  sii^vitu  261,  binissimo 
262,  mn'ta  266  ; — Gen.  dinai  =  denari,jirir,  neccissitae,  nigun 
nee  uno.1 

(e)  e  >  ie  is  a  prominent  characteristic  of  old  Pistojese. 

1.  After  a  palatal  cons. :  concieduto  (Al.  20),  cielato  37, 
sacierdotale  (Ap.  5),  vincierd  9,  comincierd  17,  reggierd  33, 
vangielizzb  43,  giacieranno  45,  magiestd  65,  piangieranno  75, 
disciendea  85,  dacciello  89,  velociemente  95,  gienerazione  97, 
giendarmi  (S.  Fr.  12) ;  also  in  modern  Pistojese :  chiac- 
chierone  (Gr.  P.  20),  Gfienerale,  cieseraria  21,  gieografia  22, 
sviscierato  23. 

2.  mielate  (C.  18),  sientiede  43,  tienere  106,  and  vienere  110 
are  formed  by  analogy  with  the  stem-accented  forms. — Cf. 
Flor.  vienuco  C.  Son.,  27,  bieltate  IntelL,  132;  Prat,  gieloso 
Crest.,  95; — Pis.  vienuto  C.  Son.,  19; — Aret.  gientile  Guit- 
tone  170,  rieievendo  179; — 5.  D'Ant.  ciercando  Zs.,  XV, 
58,  ingieneroe,  uccielletti  61,  dolciemente  62. 

(f)  *>o. 

1 .  e  ( -f-  labial) :  proveduto  (Al.  47),  adovenire  54,  doventare 
54,  n.,  soppellire  sepgllire  (J.  P.  461),  romanere  476,  n.,  rfopoi 
(if&  1 444),  propotemzia  (S.  199). 

2.  Confounding  of  prefixes  :  soddusse  sfibducere  instead  of 
seducfere2  (J.  P.  476,  n.),  protenzione,  procetti  (Gr.  P.  12), 
projudicare,  prosunzione;  perhaps  also  soppellire,  proveduto 
and  propotenzia  of  the  preceding  paragraph. 

3.  oscire  flstium  -f  exire  (-4/.  65)  is  learned. — Cf.  Flor.  sop- 
peZ/ifo  Lam.  di  Cec,  35,  protenzione  V.  arid  31.,  144,  sodusse  Tes., 
5 ; — Sen.  dovenire,  doventare,  dovoto,  procendi,  proferire,  profetto 
perf  ectum  ; 3 — Luc.  soppellire,  romase,  dopende,  eiometerio.4 

Apheresis. 

'saminamento  {Al.  48),  'scrudere  excludere  (S.  7),  Manuelle 
100,  strazione  142,  qui/ibrio  121,  rma  123,  'state  aestatSm  (C. 

M.  G.,X,  147.  3Zs.,  IX,  534. 

8  Meyer-Lubke,  JfaZ.  Gram.,  §  137.        *  A.  G.,  XII,  114. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  21 

103),  lemosina  (N.  200),  reda,  sperto. — Cf.  Flor.  'siliato  C.  Son., 

41,  'limosiniere  85  ; — Sen.  mendare,  difizio,  senpro  (exemplum) 

spresso,1  'resia  C.  Son.,  44,  'Manuelle  77  ; — Luc.  spetlare,  state, 

scire  exire ; 2 — Pis.  stinguere,  rede,  spettare,  scire  exire,3 '  Uropa 

C.  Son.,  21. 

Syncope. 

1.  Between  mute  and  liquid :  pricolo,  considrate  (M.  52), 
sprimentare  ( Uso,  935),  sparare. 

2.  Between  s  +  r  in  the  Fut.  and  Cond.  of  the  verb  essere: 
sro,  srd,  srei,  sresti,  srebbe,  etc. 

3.  istui  =  se  tu  (Al.  7). — Cf.  Flor.  pricolosa  Tancia,  877, 
sre}  881,  delibrato  908,  stu  930; — Sen.  mercordl  C.  Son.,  91. 

Epenthesis. 

Between  mute  and  liquid :  pigherizia,  mitera  mltram  ( Gr. 

P.  22). 

Metathesis. 

presempio  (31.  57),  suprestizione  (V.  and  M.  81). — Cf.  Sen. 
presempio  C.  Son.,  5; — Luc.  presempio  Uso,  751. 

Post-tonic  e. 

(a)  e  remains  in  old  Pistojese. 

1.  In  paroxy tones:  diece  (J.  2),  lunge  (Cino,  67),  domane 
{S.  Fr.  28). 

2.  In  proparoxy tones :  gioven  (Cino,  83). — Cf.  Sen.  gio- 
veno;5 — Luc.  domane  B.  Luc,  72. 

(b)  e  >  ie  after  a  palatal  cons.  This  development  is  a  strong 
characteristic  of  old  Pistojese  and  is  also  found  in  the  modern 
language.     Both  elements  of  the  diphthong  are  pronounced. 

1.  In  paroxytones  :  lucie  (Al.  5),  pacie  6,  dolcie  7,  vocie  13, 
nuocie  20,  dispiacie  25,  radicie  34,  leggie  leggm  46,  erode  (B. 
78),  fornacie  (Ap.  5),falcie  61,  meritricie  69,  lungie  75,  invecie 

1  Zs.,  IX,  534.  *  Grober's  Grundriss,  I,  528. 

2  Ibid.,  125.  bZs.,  IX,  541. 

*Ibid.,  153.  6  Also  in  the  Lucchese.    Cf.  §  4.  (d)  3.  a,  n. 


o 


22  J.    D.    BRUNEE. 

{Gr.  P.  15),  f elide  67.— Cf.  Flor.  diecie  Crest.  24,  pacie  26; 
B.  d'Ant.  dolcie  Zs.,  XV,  51,  piaeie  62,  leggie  63,  6ocie  70. 

2.  In  proparoxytones :  cresciere  (Al.  35),  sempricie  40, 
calicie  53,  angielo  (Ap.  7),  soduciere  subducgre  11,  leggiere 
(Gr.  P.  20). 

(c)   e  >  o  in  old  Pistojese. 

1.  In  paroxy tones. 

a.    Primary  e :  puro  (Al.  67). 

/3.  Secondary  e :  tuo  <  £ue  <  tu  (non  sai)  Al,  4,  piuo  <  piwe 
<  pm  (tosto)  8,  and  rendeo  <  vendee  <  mitf£  (7oc/e)  are  due  to 
assimilation  ; x — aveto  (decto)  Al.  68. — Cf.  Sen.  rendeo,  cadto, 
poteo,  sed6o,  vendio.2 

2.  In  proparoxytones  in  modern  Pistojese :  lellora  hgdSram 

(Gr.  P.  13). 

Variants. 

(a)  e  >  a  in  old  Pistojese. 

1.  In  paroxy  tones  :  adonqua  (Al.  51) ;  ina  <  me  <  in  43 

where  the  a  is  out  of  secondary  e. 

2.  In  proparoxytones :  senacha  (Al.  7)  by  assimilation. — 
Cf.  Flor.  dunqua  Intell,,  162; — Luc.  qualunqua  B.  Luc,  1, 
quantunqua  2,  chiunqua  18; — Pad.  ancha,  doncha;3 — old 
Ven.  adonca.* 

(b)  e  >  i  in  proparoxytones. 

1.  In  hiatus  :  Imm  (Gr.  P.  21)  by  assimilation. 

2.  After  a  vowel :  pre#i  (Ji.  12)  pr6sbyt6riim  >  prevete  > 
preete  y>  preiti  by  dissimilation. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  linia,  tinia, 
vinia  ; 5 — Neapol.  prevete.6 

(c)  e  >  w :  suguro  subSr  +  (If.  34)  by  assimilation. 

Syncope. 

povra  Omo,  67  (in  rhyme). — Cf.  Flor.  povra  Fiera,  77  (not 
in  rhyme) ; — Sen.  poro  C.  Son.,  42. 

1  cf.  my  article  on  tu>  tue>  tuo,  Mod.  Lang.  Notes,  Vol.  VIII,  No.  2,  cols. 
97-99.  'A.  G.,  XII,  254. 

8  Zs.,  IX,  427.  5  Schuch.,  Vokalisrnus,  I,  437,  441-42. 

3  Wendriner,  Pad,  Mund.,  22.  6  Ibid.,  II,  356. 


THE    PHONOLOGY    OF    THE    PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  23 

Epenthesis. 

Between  mute  +  liquid :  maghero  (8.  7),  aghero  (C.  49), 
pighero. — maghero  and  pighero  are  found  in  other  dialects.1 

Epithesis. 

e  used  as  an  off-glide  with  oxytones  is  a  strong  Pistojese 
characteristic ;  in  fact  the  rule  is  almost  constantly  observed 
by  the  contadini. 

1.  a  -\-  e:  arae  (Al.  8),farae  10,  strae  14,  tacerae  15,  drae 
16,  potrae  19,  giae  31,  siae  42,  viverrae  53,  atrae  57,  vendi- 
carrae  58,  aquae  71,  strae  (J.  4),  parrae  7,  sae  (M.  3),  anderae 
(8.  34),  same  (C.  12),  hae  27,  we  50,  fee  78. 

2.  e  -J-  e:  ee  (Stor.,  8),  raee  (#.  71),  potee. 

3.  i  +  e:  lallie  (M.  8),  o?ie,  lunedle,  lacqule  51,  sie,  cw£e  (C. 
9),  accost  10,  costle,  seppettie  20,  Z£e  21,  c/iie  39,  martedle, 
marcoledle  81. 

4.  o  -{-  e:  altroe  (Al.  11),  lagrimoe  20,  fevoe,  apeloe  21,  eioe 
24,  peroe  68,  amoe  (#.  Fr.  21),  ririvoe  (M.  10),  androe  (8.  34), 
soe,fermoe,  imperoe  (C.  8),  arrioe,  doe,  addenteroe  9,  scontroe, 
saroe  10,  woe,  covoe  11,  andoe,foe,  cavoe,  noe  18,  principioe  19, 
scramoe  21,  fessoe  24,  £iroe  25,  rfiroe  27,  seccoe  29,  rnontoe  32, 
garboe  36,  comandoe  37,  staroe  42,  nentroe  43,  menoe  44,  tornoe 
(N.-N.  521). 

5.  w  -f-  e:  £we  (J./.  4),  swe  susiim  (O.  10),  #twe  14,  lassue  = 
la  -f-  su  19, /we  26,  _pwe  89. 

6.  j?ere  (Clno,  51). — Cf.  Flor.  fee,  e"e,  piwe,  iam.  rfi  Cea, 
4,  fr/e  Tancia,  911,  ^iwe  C.  /Sow.,  7,  noe  19,  cosie  46,  Geswe  50, 
quae,  lae  55,  o/wie  77,  fue  Crest.,  24,  de  Intell.,  138;  Dante 
uses  the  epithetical  e  generally  for  the  sake  of  the  rhyme  :  ee, 
Inf.  XXIV,  90,  tie,  Purg.  XXVIII,  8,  sue,  Purg.  XVI, 
30 ; 2 — Sen.  colae,  mee,  eosle,  perde,  gilie,  cide,  gicte,  pine,  sue, 
chie,  tue,  quie,  lie,  cittcte,  veritcie,  necesit&e,  volont&e;3  also  numer- 

1  Caix,  Dial,  d'ltal,  126. 

2  Zehle,  Laut-  und  Flex.,  24.  3  Zs.,  IX,  536. 


24  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

ous  verbs :  ambe,  andbe,  cercbe,  fermbe,  levbe,  etc.,1  anderde, 
durde,  farae,  potrae,  doe,  dae,foe,fae,  soe,  stoe,  voe,  vae,  etc.  ;l — 
Luc.  ae  B.  Luc,  1,  quie  2,  seguitrde  15,  farae  27,  fue  47,  po?*- 
terde,  vorrae  55,  gwe  72,  noe,fae  79,  stoe  87,  piue  91,  serac 
92,  dirroe  Race.,  253. 

I. 

§  6.    Tonic  i. 

(a)  i  in  Pistojese  shows  very  few  variations  from  the  literary 
Italian. 

(b)  i  remains  :  si  si  (S.  Fr.  8),  ditto  dictum  2  (C.  19). 

(c)  i  >  g :  £m&  ( Jf.  95),  donzena 3  dodicin&  by  change  of 
suffix. 

(d)  i  >  i'e .-  serviervi  (N.-N.  4). 

(e)  i  >  t*  .•  fubbie  or  jiubbe  (31.  24  and  note),  the  vowel  is 
assimilated  to  the  labial  consonant. — Cf.  Ven.  fiuba,  Lomb. 
fubia,  O.  Fr.  afubler.4 

§  7.    Atonic  i. 
1.    Pretonic  i. 

(a)  i  remains:  agevilez(z)a  (A\.  52),  licito  (J.  19),  nuviletta 
(S.  Fr.  8),  signato  (MS.  1444),  incora  hinc  -f-  6r£m  (Due  Lett., 
13) ;  the  i  remains  in  the  atonic  pronouns  ci,  vi  before  lo,  la, 
ne:  ci  lo  (M.  40),  ci  la  75,  ci  n'  5,  vi  lo  20,  vi  la  97,  vi  ne  101. 

(b)  i>e. 

There  are  many  examples  of  this  phenomenon  in  both  old 
and  modern  Pistojese.  Meyer-Liibke5  says  that  the  forms 
with  pretonic  e  are  under  Umbrian-Aretino  or  Provencal 
influence. 

1Ibid.,  427-8. 

*I  give  dlctflm  according  to  Ascoli,  A.  G.,  I,  23,  and  note  3;  Korting, 
Lat.  Rom.  Wb.,  2558;  Pieri.,  A.  G.,  XII,  109,  gives  ditto  as  formed  upon 
dissi. 

3cf.  Italian  dozzena,  Canello,  A.  G.,  VII,  319. 

4  Caix,  Died,  filed.,  205.  6  /to/.  Gram.,  \  123. 


THE    PHONOLOGY   OF   THE    PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  25 

1.  By  assimilation  :  relegione  (AL  6),  lecenza  56. 

2.  By  dissimilation  :  inemica  (AL  35),  rikgioso  67,  openione 
71,  ipoci-esia  (Rice,  51),  omessione  (I.  P.  86),  temitoso  (M.  88), 
prencipi  90,  letigio  (C.  21),  redicolo  (Gr.  P.  23). 

3.  Special  cases  :  vertudie  (Al.  4),  vectoria  51,  vetuperio  77, 
i?er#i  (Cino,  25),  vertudioso  (31.  78),  metragghie  (S.  112),  per- 
ruchieri  pilucarlum  (iV.  230),  gennasiia  (Gi\  P.  45),  mesurare ; 
in  =  en  (em) :  entroni  in  -}-  torniini  (J/.  23),  nempare  impar£t 
(Crr.  P.  20). — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  prencepe,  prencipe; 1 — Flor.  vertu, 
Intell.,  134,  promession  Decam.,  I,  1,  sempatia,  C.  Son.,  35, 
vecino; — Sen.  fenire,  rileggioso,  trebuna,  vettoria,  enfermo,  em- 
parare,  and  many  others  ; 2 — Luc.  prencipio,  fenire,  perrucca,3 
mesurai  Race,  252  ; — Pis.  menuto,  besogna,  vertude;4 — Gorton. 
ordeneto  Race,  259. 

(c)   i  >  o. 

1.  Before  labial  cons. :  obbriaco,  ombuto  (N.-N.  16),  om- 
possibile,  onfiare  (?)  C.  85,  onferno  (f). 

2.  Before  I:5  baggiolare  vacillare  or  vagillare6  (S.  232), 
ventolazione  8. 

3.  Special  cases:  Modonesi  (I.  P.  301),  formed  on  Modona; 
oncenso  (J.  28)  the  pretonic  o  of  which  probably  comes  from 
the  article  /of3— Cf.  Flor.  doviso  Tancia,  877,  noboM  932; 
— Sen.  ombusto,  ombuto,  omper adore,  omperio,  oncenso,  onferno, 
onterdetto;7 — Luc.  fonire,  ombuto, onferno,3 ompiccio  Race,  245, 
ompossibile  250 ; — Tuscan  ombuto,  romasuglio.8 

Variants. 

(a)  i  >  a:  arbatrato  (Son.  Pop.,  43)  and  sarvatico  are  due 
to  assimilation  ;  giangia  giogivam  (S.  7)  under  influence  of 
the  nasal  consonant  n. — Cf.  Flor.  Modanesi,  Sec.  Rap.,  4; — 
Corton.  antendere  Race,  259  ; — old  Tuscan  salvaggio.9 

1  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  II,  28,  54.  6  Caix,  Sludi,  \  179. 

2  Zs.,  IX,  539-40.  7  Zs.,  IX,  540. 

3A  G.,  XII,  114.  8Caix,  Dial.  cCItcd.,  123. 

*Ibid.,  145.  9Caix,  Origini,  75. 

5Canello,  A.  G.,  Ill,  335. 


26  J.    D.    BKUNER. 

(b)   i  >  u :  unutile  ( Gr.  P.  49)  by  assimilation  ;  buzzeffe  bis 

+  ff  (S.  235)  influenced  by  the  preceding  labial  consonant  b 

and  perhaps  by  the  u  in  due;  vestuario. — Cf.  Flor.  vestuario;  x 

— Sen.  purate,  subillo,  utulita; 2 — Luc.  unutile  Race,  253 ; — Pis. 

funire,3  sumiglia  C.  Son.,  63  ; — Aret.  buzzeffe.4 

Apheresis. 

,  (a)   Before  nasal  +  consonant. 

1.  After  article  or  pronoun  :  lo  'ntendimento  (Al.  5),  chi 
'ngura,  le  figure,  la  'ngiuria  8,  gli  'nvidiosi  9,  lo  'nsegno,  lo 
'ngegno  16,  lo  'ncominciamento  18,  lo  'nduscio  22,  la  'ncacti- 
viscle  30,  lo  'nferno  35,  lo  'mperio  41,  lo  'nprincipio,  li  'ncomin- 
ciamenti  43,  che  'ntendea  60,  lo  'mperadore  73,  alV  'ncanto  (M, 
30),  lo  'nsaccava  54,  se  'ntoppano  63,  lo  'nteresse  69,  lo  'nterpidi 
71,  lo  'mparb,  della  'ndivia,  vine  'ntendete  101,  la  'ndulgenzia 
106,  la  'mpamata  (8.  119),  la  'nserenata,  la  'nvezzata  152,  la 
'nnarzata  210,  la  'mpromessa  274,  'ghi  'ntraviense  (C.  8),  tene 
'nteso  9,  dallo  'ngrasso  11,  lo  'mprumettiedi  12,  loro  'nzino 
13,  uno  'n  15,  lo  'nsacca  17,  fo  'nvito,  tene  'nfrattanto  18,  £m 
'mperoe,  alio  'mprovviso  19,  eZe^o  'ngordo  23,  '^Ai  'ngolaa  28, 
to  'w,  &  'ncapocchire  29. 

2.  After  the  words  e  and  a:  e  'nduscie  (Al.  36),  e  'nffine  76, 
a  'ndevinar  (M.  8),  a  'nnamorati  14,  a  'ngorgar  58,  a  'n£ra- 
versar  74,  a  'nfustirsi  76,  a  'ntormentire  (S.  28),  a  'ngrassa  (G. 
10),  a  'ngozza  14,  a  'ntende  18. 

3.  After  auxiliary  verbs:  era  'ncoccio  (31.  30),  cw?a  'nzurlito 
46,  Aa  'nsegni  (S.  3),fussi  'nnamorata  32,  s*e  'ngiallito  87,  fussi 
'nchiostro  151,  Aa  'mpegnato  266. 

4.  Special  cases  :  dei  'mframec/ere  (Al.  3),  c?a  'mparare  30, 
o^na  'nduscio  36,  soperbia  'ngenera  50,  sappia  'nsinor  (31.  15), 
naso  'nnun  30,  coresto  'mbattina  109,  ^>ere  ''mparare  (8.  27), 
ri7to  'ntostita  (C.  11),  accosle  'nsino  15,/oco  'n£m  18. 

(b)  Before  cons.  -4-  vow. :  magine  (J.  28),  to/m  (Rice,  24). — 
Cf.  Flor.  e  'ntenda,  Tancia,  877,  Ao  'wfeso  899,  fo  'ntoppo  906, 

1  [/so,  1023.  2  Zs.,  IX,  540.  3/6id.,  145.  4  [/so,  192. 


THE   PHONOLOGY  OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  27 

la  'nvilia  914,  chi  'mpard  922,  fa  'nchino  933,  fa  'nferno  Intell., 
167,  anno  'nteso  170,  £  'nfr-a  148,  la  'nsegna  168,  fa  'mbusto  177, 
Jb/m  183,  fa  'ntenzione  Decani.,  I,  2,  fa  'ngegno,  I,  3,  fa  'nquisi- 
tore,  I,  6,  £m#o  'nfaro  C.  Son.,  18,  fa  'nsegnaan  28,  'taliano  4] ,  fa 
struzione  42  ; — Sen.  fa  'ngegno,  lo  'ntelletto,  la  'nvidia,  ho  'nteso, 
a  'nganni,  ne  'ncresce,  senza  'npaccio  ; 1 — Luc.  uno  'nferno,  la 
'mpostura,2  lo  'ncontri  Cant.  Pop.,  18; — Pis.  una  'nfamita, 
questo  'ncanto,  Talia,3  lo  'mpossibile,  C.  Son.,  26,  tutto  'ntero  35, 
£  'nutile  46,  uno  'gnorante  47,  ho  'nteso  88  ; — Tuscan  fa  'npera- 
dore  B.  d'Ant.,  Zs.,  XV,  56,  fa  'nbusto  65,  e/fa  'ndugiare  66 ; 
— Neapol.  mporta,  npace,*  nfacda,  ncapo,  ngiuria.5 

Prosthesis. 

The  popular  Latin  prosthetic  i  before  s  impurum  appears 
in  Pistojese  even  when  the  preceding  word  ends  in  a  vowel : 6 
(unde)  iscrito  (Al.  34),  (divina)  iscriptura  35,  (e)  isforzansi, 
(tuo)  istato  37,  (ogna)  ispirito,  (ria)  isperanza  38,  (sono)  ischer- 
niti  40,  (piuo)  istrania  41,  (sothi)  istipulament'  46,  (soperbia) 
iscenderd  50,  (consilio)  ispecialmente  51,  Squall)  istuo  52,  (e) 
istabile,  (fae)  istolto  58,  (potrasse)  iseelere  61,  (unde)  isdegna 
62,  (tiosso)  iscudo  66,  (motto)  istudiare  30,  (nello)  istangnio 
(Ap.  89),  (swa)  iscenza  (Al.  68),  (vollio)  ispoglare,  (cose)  iscure 
71,  (£)  ispezia  74,  (sercfc)  iscandalizato  76,  fawfa  ispretato  (N.  44), 
(correva)  istupita  84,  (/oro)  istevano  414,  (strijjpata)  istasera  (C. 
16). — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  iscripta,  ispirito,  isj)ecies,ista7'e,  istabile,  etc.7 

Syncope. 
In  the  loan 8  word  testimonanza  (Al.  71). 

Epenthesis. 

aguaito  <  Ger.  wahten  (^1£.  40),  abibisognio  (Ap.  17)  by 
reduplication ;  ^/farte  75,  nessiuna  (S.  Fr.  21),  sciabbiosa  (N. 

1  Zs.,  IX,  541.  8  CW/ez.  iVapoZ.,  XXVIII,  7. 

2  4.  G.,  XII,  125.  8cf.  Meyer-Lubke,  Ital.  Gram.,  \  144. 
3 Ibid.,  153.  7  Schuch.,  Fo£a/<smws,  II,  338, 342,  346. 
4  N.  Amer.  Rev.,  1832,  p.  308.  8  cf.  Grober's  Grundriss,  I,  533,  §  78. 


28  J.    D.   BRtTNEE. 

154),  distribuizione  (Gr.  P.  13),  influenced  by  distribuire; 
diotto  24,  inghilese  22  influenced  by  Inghilterra. — Cf.  Proven- 
pal  aguaitar. 

Metathesis. 

furigelli  filucellum  (M.  47),  where  the  u  is  attracted  to  the 
initial  syllable  by  the  labial  consonant/. 

2.    Post-tonic  i. 

(a)  i  remains  in  old  Pistojese. 

1.  In  paroxytones :  forsi,  where  the  i  remains  on  account 
of  its  proclitic  position. 

2.  In  proparoxytones. 

a.  Learned  words  ending  in  -bills : 1  nuvili,  odievile,  ras- 
cionevile  (Al.  9),  chonvenevile  14,  increscievile  23,  abondevile  32, 
piacevili  38,  inghannevili,  usinghevili  40,  agievile  52,  innomere- 
vili  53,  onorevile  70,  bisognevili  (J.  7),fievile,  debile  (31.  8,  n.). 

ft.  Special  cases  :  sindico  (I.  P.  299),  solidi  (MS.  1444). — 
Cf.  Sen.  onorevile,  ragionevile;2 — Luc.  personevile,  bisognevile, 
onorevile ;3 — Pis.  convenevile,  ragionevile,  onorevile.* 

(b)  i>  e  in  proparoxytones :  nuveli  (Al.  50),  honor evele  (Rice, 
54),  nobele,  simele,  utele. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  nobelis,  sierelis,  nomene, 
ordene;5 — Sen.  onor evele,  mobele,  simele,  utele,  ordene;2 — Pis. 
simele,  omeni;6 — Corton.  grandene  Race,  259,  subbeto  260; — 
old  Venet.  simele,  nobele;7 — N.  Ital.  graveda,  nuovelo.8 

(c)  t>te9in  paroxytones:  nascie,  finiscie  (AL  23),  conoscie 

25,  conducie  29,  disdicie  35,  istringie,  dlgiungie  45,  contradicie 

53,  crescie   56,  vincie   (Ap.   11),  dicie  17. — Cf.   Flor.  dicie 

Crest.,  24. 

Variants. 

(a)  i  >  a  in  the  proparoxytone  Modana  (S.  7)  by  assimi- 
lation.— Cf.  Flor.  Modana,  Sec.  Rap.,  4. 

1  cf.  Meyer-Liibke,  Ital.  Gram.,  \  119. 

2Zs.,  IX,  541.  6Ibid.,  145. 

»A.  G.,  XII,  115.  iA.  G.,  XII,  252. 

4  Ibid.,  145.  8  Mussafia,  Beitrage,  113. 

5Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  II,  14,  21-2.       9cf.  Post-tonic  e>  ie. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF  THE  PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  29 

(b)  i  >  o  in  proparoxytones :  Modona  (I.  P.  21 9)  by  assimi- 
lation, possivole  (C.  37)  by  assimilation  to  the  preceding  labial 
consonant. — Cf.  Flor.  utole  Tancia,  892,  noboi  932,  possivol, 
Lam.  di  Cec,  2  ; — Luc.  Ilodona,  possibole.1 

Syncope. 

(a)  In  hiatus. 

1.  Before  a:  the  loan2  words  ingiura  (AL  5),  memora, 
pecuna  63. 

2.  Before  e:  spece  (Gr.  P.  15),  superfice  20. 

3.  Before  o:  silenzo  (AL  15),  ispazo  23. 

(b)  Between  consonants  :  medesmo  (AL  3). — Cf.  Flor.  vitu- 
pero,  impero,  purgatoro  Bocc,  lussura  Intell. ; 2 — Sen.  engiura, 
matera,  stora;3 — Luc.  medesmo,  B.  Luc,  81. 

Epenthesis. 

After  I,  r,  n:  cuculio  (8.  8),  alia  32,  premuria  (C.  90), 
usuria,  tnbunia  (Gr.  P.  16),  minia,  miria  17,  calibrio  18. 

Metathesis. 

Post-tonic  i  in  hiatus  is  attracted  by  the  tonic  syllable : 
fiube  (M.  24),  sidda  (C.  100),  schioppo  (N.  22),  pianere,  ris- 
piarmo  (Gr.  P.  13),  pianerino  19,  stiuda  21,  siero  49. — Cf. 
Flor.  pianere,  Lam.  di  Cec,  23,  sieda; — Sen.  pianere,  C.  Son., 
39,  stiuda  Assetta,  275; — Luc.  rispiar-mo,  sieda,  stiuda;4 — 
Pis.  rispiarmo;6 — Aret.  rimiedo.6 


O. 

§  8.    Tonic  o. 
(a)    o  remains. 

1 .    In  open  syllable  before  labial  cons. :  omero,  giovane  by 
the  side  of  giovane. 

lA.  G.,  XII,  115.  2  cf.  Grober's  Grundriss,  I,  533,  g  78. 

Zs.,  IX,  542.  4  A.  G.,  XII,  126.  5  Ibid.,  153. 

6Billi,  X>ia2.  Chian.     cf.  Caix,  J>ta2.  d'ltal.,  195,  n.  2. 


I  v  E 


30  J.    D.   BRUNER. 

2.  In  closed  syllable:  adqnqua,  (Al.  9),  lectqra  16,  ngtta 
nullani  (rimproverane)  32,  where  the  translator  was  doubtless 
influenced  by  the  non  iniproperat  of  his  original  Latin  text : 
gionto  junctum  (Cino,  35),1  alcona  alicun&m  17  (in  rhyme), 
donche  (C.  8),  pqnto  punctiim. — Cf.  Flor.  donche  Lam.  di 
Cec,  7 ; — Sen.  donque,2  gionto,  ponto  ;3 — Corton.  donqua  Race, 
261 ; — Fr.  done; — Span,  donques. 

(b)  p>o. 

1.  In  open  syllable  before  r:  loro  (Gr.  P.  49),  ore,  allora, 
aneora  50. — Cf.  Luc.  ora,  allora,  loro,  costoro,  coloro;* — Pis. 
ora,  allora,  loro,  costoro,  coloro:5 — Fr.  or,  encor,  lor.6 

2.  In  closed  syllable. 

a.    Before  r  (+  cons.) :  corto,  giomo. — Cf.  Flor.  giorno. 
/3.    Before  I  (+  cons.) :  volgo  (Gr.  P.  47),  colla  50,  volto. 
7.    Before  cc:  moscio  muccidiim,7  mocci'o,  bocca  ;  secondary 
cc:  sciocco. 

(c)  0  >  u. 

1.  In  open  syllable:  supra  (Al.  25),  devuto  32,  du'  de  + 
ubi,  induve  (ill.  43),  nu'=  noi,  vu'=  voi  (S.  118),  nun  (N,  1). — 
Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  nus,  vus.8 

2.  In  closed  syllable. 

a.  Before  nasal  (+  cons.) :  Alfunso  (Al.  5),  prunto  31, 
unde. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  funic,  prunte.9 

(3.  Special  cases :  amoruso  (M.  3,  n.),  scussi  29,  puppa,10 
fussi  (N.  1). — Cf.  Flor.  nui  Tancia,  926,  nun  Race,  278,  vu 
C  Son.,  77 ; — Sen.  duve,  nun,  supra,  unde; u — Luc.  duve, 
fussi;10 — Pis.  nun  Race,  291,  duve,  fussi.12 

1  Fernow,  R6m.  Stud.,  Ill,  278. 

*Uso,  351.  *A.G.,  XII,  112. 

3  Ibid.,  633.  &Ibid.,  143. 

6  Meyer-Lubke,  Gram.  Rom.,  146. 

7  Uso,  606. 

8Schuch.,  Vohalismus,  II,  98. 

9  Ibid.,  118-19.  u  Zs.,  IX,  544-6. 

10  A.  G.,  XII,  110.  12  Rid.,  142-3. 


the  phonology  of  the  pistojese  dialect.       31 
§  9.    Tonic  o. 


(a)  o  remains. 

1.  In  open  syllable  in  learned  words  :  lenzolo  (S.  94),  mag- 
ghiolo  mallealtim  97,  solo  140,  tpno  147,  ovo  201,  bono  (C.  8), 
fora,  foco  11,  fori,  novo  16,  cocere  18,  core  22,  logo  24,  omini 
33,  sono  35,figliolo,  omo  (N.  1),  vole,  coce  20,  coco  29,  voto  208, 
sona  (Gr.  P.  11),  trecioli  citrlolum,  12,  razziolo  15,  scola  33, 
boi  47. — Cf.  Flor.  core,  omo,  bono,  dole,  sole  Brunetto;  l  Dante 
has  loco,  foco  in  rhyme,  trovo,2  gioco,  Tancia,  904,  foco,  omo, 
Intell.,  138,  loco  144,  schola  146,  bono  147,  novi  150,  for  153, 
^ioco  201,  pd,  coce,  core  204,  figliola  C.  Son.,  17,  sore  28; — 
Sen.  bono  C  Son.,  3,  sora,  fora,  vole  7,  ovo  8,  novo  10,  efomo 
95; — in  West  Lucchese  only  the  forms  in  o  are  heard; 3 — Pis. 
"  II  dittongo  dell'  8  e  oggi  costautemente  ridotto  nella  citta, 
ma  resiste  pur  sempre  in  alcune  parti  della  campagna ; "  4 — 
Sicil.  bonu,  novu,  rota,  cori;5 — Pad.  bon,  core,  fora,  homo,  nova, 
pd  (p5st) ; 6 — Gen.  omo,  bona,  sor  solet,  vol  vuole,  nova,  fora, 
po  potest,  cor,  sona.7 

2.  In  closed  syllable:  longo  (Cino),8  ogni. — Cf.  Luc.  longo 
Race,  253  ; — Gen.  longo.9 

(b)  o  >  u. 

1.  In  open  syllable:  humo  (MS.  1330),  nuve  (MS.  1339), 
luglio  lSlium  (S.  95),  ugna  (pure)  =  bisogna  sftnium  151. — 
Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  humo.10 

2.  In  closed  syllable :  in  ugni  (N.  1)  and  ugnum  (31.  95) 
the  o  is  raised  to  the  u  by  the  u  -\-  i ;  fursi  (31.  1 2)  is  unex- 
plained.11 Is  the  u  due  to  the  following  if — Cf.  Pop.  Lat. 
prursus; 12 — Flor.  ugni  Lam.  di  Cec.,A.; — Luc./twsi,  ugni ; 13 — 
Vis.  fursi,  ugni; 14 — Corton.  pu  pdst  Race,  259. 

1  Zehle,  Laut-und  Flex.,  12,  13.  8  Fernow,  Bom.  Stud.,  Ill,  278. 

*A.  G.,  XII,  110.  9Mussafia,  Beitrdge,  114. 

3 A.  G.,  XII,  109.  10  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  II,  134. 

4  Ibid.,  142.  "  Meyer-Liibke,  Ital.  Gram.,  g  65. 

6  Schneegans,  Sicil.  Dial.,  17.  12  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  II,  123. 

6  Wendriner,  Pad.  Mund.,  12,  13.  13A.  G.,  XII,  110. 

M.  G.,  X,  145.  u  Ibid.,  142. 


32  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

(c)  o  in  open  syllable >  uo:  rispuose  (Al.  4),  truono  (J.  26), 
pruovo,  truovo. — Cf.  Sen.  rispuose;1 — Luc.  muodo,  duodeci;2 — 
Tuscan  truova, puote; 3 — Pad.  mud  (=  modo),  nuovo, — uolo,  cuo- 
fano,  nuove  (<n5v8m),  ruosa,  cuorpo,  muorto,  puovero;4 — old 
Venet.  pruova,  compuose,  muodo;5 — N.  Ital.  muodo,  nuove, 


ruosa.6 


§  10.     Atonic  o. 

1.    Pretonic  o. 

(a)  o  >  a. 

1.  Before  r:  argollio  (Al.  8),  barbottare  ftopfiopos  -\-  (S.  46) 
influenced  by  barba;7  scarpione  (Gr.  P.  16). 

2.  Special  cases:  canoscentha  (Al.  60),  accupare  (S,  8)  is 
due  to  the  confounding  of  the  prepositions  ob  and  ad,  Salamone 
(C.  96)  by  assimilation. — Cf.  Flor.  Attavione,  Salamone,  scar- 
pione,9 Taniri  Purg.  XII,  56,  ancidore  Inf.  V,  61 ; — Sen. 
scarpione,  acconare,  accasione,  ac(c)upare,  Salamone;9 — Pis. 
calosso,  Bartalomeo  ;  10 — Pad.  hanore,  canoscere.11 

(b)  o>i. 

1.  By  assimilation :  giritondon  gyr[are]  -f  rotunda  (M.  77), 
pricissione  (S.  7). 

2.  Special  cases  :  vilume  (M.  8,  n.)  is  influenced  by  viluppo, 
vilucchio,Vi  accomidare  (S.  8)  is  formed  on  comido  =  comodo  by 
analogy  with  the  many  forms  in  -ido,u  innunistante  (JV.  33) 
where  the  i  is  probably  prosthetic  i  before  s  impurum,15 — Cf. 
Flor.  ignum  Tancia,  907,  pricission  925 ; — Aret.  diminio, 
accomidare; 16 — Rom.  accomidare?1 

1  Zs.,  IX,  542.  8  Parodi,  Romania,  XVIII,  601. 

2  A.  G.,  XII,  109.  9  Zs.,  IX,  547. 

3  B.  d'Antona,  Zs.,  XV,  51.  10  A.  G.,  XII,  145. 

4  Wendriner,  Pad.  Mund.,  13.  u  Wendriner,  Pad.  Mund.,  20. 

5  A.  G.,  Ill,  249-50.  1Z  cf.  Caix,  Dial  d'ltal.,  195,  n.  2. 

6  Mussafia,  Beitrage,  114.  13  Mussafia,  Beitrage,  114. 

7  Korting,  Lal.-Rom.  Wb.,  1286.  M  Parodi,  Romania,  XVIII,  601. 
16  Zs.,  IX,  547. 

16  Billi,  Dial  Chian.     cf.  Caix,  Dial  d'ltal,  195. 

17  Caix,  Dial  d'ltal.,  205. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  33. 

(c)    0  >  U. 

This  development  of  pretonic  o  >  u  is  a  strong  Pistojese 
characteristic,  particularly  of  the  modern  language. 

1.  In  hiatus :  in  Buemia  (I.  P.  466)  and  tuelette  (Gr.  P.  15) 
the  e  raises  the  o  to  u. 

2.  u  with  following  i. 

(1.)  Before  labial  cons. :  ubriaza  (Al.  65),  ubbrigoe  (C.  15), 
ubbidienza  (V.  and  31.  188),  Uvidio  (Al.  54). 

(2.)  Before  other  cons,  than  labials  :  ucchiello  ( Uso,  1007), 
udiato  (Al.  8),  ulivo. 

/3.    Other  cases  of  u  with  following  i. 

(1.)  Before  I,  m,  n,  r:  tavulini  (M.  31),  culizione  (C.  10), 
culizionare  13,  cultivazionc  (N.  228),  inchuminciamenti  (Al.  11), 
parturird,  16,  sbaturlir  (M.  26). 

(2.)  Before  other  cons,  than  ?,  m,  ?i,  r:  puchino  (N.  228), 
cucchierl  320,  costudimento  ( Gr.  P.  1 2),  devuzione  (Son.  Pop.,  57). 

(3.)   w  with  following  e. 

a.  Before  labial  cons. :  comprumetto  (C.  9),  mumento  16, 
imprumettere  77,  mumentino  (Gr.  P.  39),  Ruberto  (N.  42), 
puvesia,  puveta,  puvetare  91. 

/3.    Before  n:  muneta  (C.  41). 

7.  Before  r:  garanturerd  (M.  71),  curtelluccio  (C.  15),  cwr- 
Zetfo  (.V.-iV.  19). 

S.    Before  £:  prutedoe  (C.  36),  prutezione  179. 

4.  w  with  following  «. 

a.  Before  liquids :  diavularie  (31.  8),  diavulaccio  17,  j?ro- 
pulaccio  76,  crullare  (8.  8),  luntano  (Al.  42),  bronturar  (31. 
68),  tremurar  81. 

/9.    Special  cases  :  cugnato  (Al.  16),  giucare  (31.  3,  n.). 

5.  Special  cases  :  curruccio  (I.  P.  487)  and  nunustante  (Son. 
Pop.,  57)  are  due  to  assimilation  ;  frugiuron  (M.  66),  spenzu- 
rone  80. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  cugnata,  muneta;1 — Flor.  munimento 
Tntell.,  198,  ulivo,  ubbrigare,  pulizia,  Spideto,2  mumento  C.  Son., 
9,  culizione  17,  upinione  30,  puetico  33,  prugresso  52; — Sen. 

1  Schuch.,  FoWismus,  II,  127, 136.        2  Parodi,  Romania,  XVIII,  601. 

3 


34  J.   D.    BRUNER. 

arnmunire,  amunizione,  arbuscello,  buttiga,  buttino,  co(n)pusi- 
zione,  crullare,  cumuno,  cumunione,  cuprire,  munisterio,  muneto, 
pulizia,  spuleto,  ubligare,  up(p)inione,  urechio,1  prucissione  C 
Son.,  70,  mumento,  ugnun  Compon.,  315  ;  —  Luc.  cugnato, 
pulenta,  cureggia,  Lunardo,  muneta,2  cucchieri  Race,  247, 
nunistante  253 ; — Pis.  prutesta,  muneta,  mumento,  fumento, 
cuscienza,  unore,  udorato,  sumiglia,  innucenzia,  impvumessa, 
preputente,  memuriale,  capurale,  piruletta,  cugnato,  cunsegnare, 
Furli,  menumare,  accumiatare,  arnmunire;3 — Corton.  puduto 
Race,  258,  cugneta,  pruvista  261,  vussignuria  263,  puchino, 
furestiero,  scuprire,  puisie ; 4 — Neapol.  accusl,  pueta,  prufeta.5 
(d.)  o  >  uo  by  analogy  With  stein-accented  forms:  ris- 
puondendo  (Al.  24),  suonato  (Gr.  P.  11),  scuolaro  22. — 
Cf.  Flor.  suonando  Purg.  X,  4,  tuonar  XV,  138 6; — N. 
Ital.  repuosare,  aluogare,  muolare? 

Variants. 

(a)  o  remains  in  the  learned  word  cocina  (Gr.  P.  43). — Cf. 
Sen.  cocina.8 

(b)  o>e:  interpidi  (M.  71);  precissione  (Gr.  P.  11)  is 
due  to  the  confounding  of  prefixes. — Cf.  Pis.  precissione  C. 
Son.,  36. 

Apheresis. 

'bria  ftbliiit  (Al.  13),  gni,  gnuno  (Rice,  30),  immd  =  o(h)ime 
(  V.  and  M.  100),  ibb  =  oibd  ( Uso,  470).— Cf.  Flor.  gnun  Tan- 
cia,  910  ; — Sen.  'gnuno  C  S071.,  8. 

Syncope. 

disnore  (Al.  43),  bainetta  Bayonne  +  (S.  8). — Cf.  Sen.  dis- 
nore,s  bainette  C.  Son.,  64. 

1  Zs.,  IX,  547.  5  Collez.  Napol.,  XXVIII,  5. 

2  A.  G.,  XII,  115.  6Zehle,  Laut-und  Flex.,  30. 

3  A.  O.,  XII,  145.  7  Mussafia,  Breitrage,  114. 
1  Caix,  Dial,  d'ltal.,  123.  8  Zs.,  IX,  548. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF  THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  35 

2.    Post-tonic  o, 

(a)  o  >  e. 

1.  In  paroxy tones:  quande  (Gh\  P.  22)  formed  by  analogy 
with  dove,  donde. 

2.  In  proparoxytones  before  r:  metafero  (Gr.  P.  l'3),fos- 
fero  14. 

(b)  o  (+/)>  w  (+/,»•)  in  proparoxytones:  diavulo  (M. 
88),  nocciur  nucgtfluin  4,  lucciuro  9,  sdrucciuro  29,  rossignuri 
luscintiolit  81. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  diabulo.1 

Variants. 

(a)  o  remains  in  the  proparoxytone  lievore  I6p5r6m  (Al.  7). 

(b)  o  >  a  in  proparoxytones :  jilosafo  (C.  72)  influenced  by 
s£p6re;  atamo  (Gr.  P.  14)  by  assimilation. — Cf.  Sen.  Jilosafo.2 

(c)  o  >  *  in  the  proparoxytone  comido  (C.  64)  formed  by 
analogy  with  the  many  forms  in  -ido.3 

Syncope. 
dialo  di&b5liim  (.47.  55). 

Metathesis. 
entroni  (M.  22). 

U 

§  11.    Tonic  u. 

u  remains  :  (un')  uncia  (Gh\  P.  12),  probably  influenced  by 
the  article  un,  is  the  only  example  in  Pistojese  where  tonic  u 
varies  from  the  Italian. 

§  12.    Atonic  u. 

1.  Pretonic  u. 
(a)   u  remains. 
1.    In  hiatus  :  ciuino  suiniim  (Ner.),4  suave  (S.  Fr.  60). 

1  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  II,  133.  3cf.  Parodi,  Romania,  XVIII,  601. 

2  Zs.,  IX,  548.  4  Quoted  by  Caix,  Studi,  289. 


36  J.    D.   BRUNER. 

2.    In  learned  and  half-learned  words. 

a.  Before  labial  cons. :  supradetta  (B.  83),  suprabunda  (S. 
Fr.  23),  puppare  (Uso  780),  summitd  (8.  Fr.  11). 

/3.  Before  liquids  :  populazo  (Rice,  32),  multiplicare  (S.  Fr. 
27),  particulare  52,  difficulty  (N.  181),  urvieto  (Rice,  25), 
ratturbare  (C  92),  currieri  (N.  14),  giocurare  (Uso,  437). 

7.    Before  n :  habundare,  fundare  (8.  Fr.  2),  circundata  8. 

S.    Before  s :  circustantia  (S.  Fr.  9),  cwsl. 

e.  Special  cases  :  crucifisso  (J.  29),  scudella  (Gr.  P.  12) 
formed  on  scudo. — Cf.  Dante,  who  preserves  the  pretonic  u 
before  I:  maculato  Inf.  I,  33,  caniculare  XXV,  10,  singulare 
Purg.  VIII,  67,  sepulcrale  XXI,  7,  articulare  XXV,  69  ; 1 — 
Sen.  scudella,  manutenere,  abundanza,  voluntd,  cullui  ; 2 — Luc. 
ruvina,  scudella,  curtello,  singulare  ; 3 — Pis.  scudella,  curtello, 
popidare,  cusi ; 4 — Corton.  cusi  Race,  263. 

(b)  u  >  i  through  il ; 5  that  is  u  is  fronted  and  then  un- 
rounded :  bigia  (Ap.  97) ;  bifonchiaro  (31.  48)  and  timore 
tuinSrSm  (C.  106)  are  due  to  dissimilation;6  manitengolo 
42.— Cf.  Flor.  Ridolfo  Purg.  VII,  94,  ognindl  Tancia,  936, 
monimento  955; — Sen.  rimore,  giramento,  gidicare,  gignore 
(juniorem);7 — Luc.  piggello,  dindolare;8 — Pis.  nicciolo.9 

(c)  u  >  o  in  old  Pistojese. 

1.  In  hiatus :  perpefoa/e  (Al.  66),  continoamente  72. — Cf. 
Pop.  Lat.  perpetoali.w 

2.  For  pretonic  u  >  0  out  of  hiatus  it  is  difficult  to  formu- 
late a  rule.  Perhaps  the  cause  of  this  development  can  be 
traced  to  the  influence  of  the  Umbrian-Aretino  school :  soper- 
bia  (Al.  9),  omana,  otilitade,  natorcde,  anonziano  12,  pronon- 
ziano  13  by  assimilation,  soficente  15,  prodenza  19  formed  on 
prode,  adolterio  34,  soccidere  35,  innomerevili  53,  ineobriato 
54,  ponire  55,  vitoperio  57,  oscire  65,  istodiosamente  70,  torri- 

^ehle,  Laut-vnd  Flex.,  31.  6  Meyer-Liibke,  Gram.  Rom.,  \  358. 

2  Zs.,  IX,  549.  7  Zs.,  IX,  549. 

M.  <?.,  XII,  115.  M.G  .,  XII,  115. 

4 Ibid,,  145.  »i.e,  XII,  146. 

5  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  II,  191  /oW.  10  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  II,  162. 


THE  PHONOLOGY   OF  THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  37 

bile  tus  (turis)  -f-  (J.  3),  dinonzare  1 2,  sopportare  (I.  P.  273) 
and  dobboletto  [M.  35)  by  assimilation,  nodrite  (Cino,  94),  occiso 
105;  modern  are  ahnosando  (M.  71),  gostasse  91,  soppidiano 
(8.  8),  costudimento  (Gr.  P.  12),  omore1  by  assimilation. — 
Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  homano,  ponire;2 — Guittone  d'Arezzo  and  his 
school :  ottulita,  osaggio,  storbare,  gostando,  soperbia,  omilta, 
soficiente,  prodenza,  sopporre,  dobitoso;3 — Sen.  nodrire,  onever- 
sita,  omore,  osanza,  congiogale,forare,form€nto,  robrica,  soprire 
(supplire),  stromento,  totore  (tutorgm) ; 4 — Luc.  torbato,  coscino, 
Nonziata,  oncino;5 — Pis.  scoltino,  morella,  usorieri,  torbato, 


oncino.6 


Variants. 


u  >  e  before  r :  teribule  tus  (turis)  +  (Ap.  33),  userajo 
usurariuni  (8.  8)  by  dissimilation. — Cf.  Sen.  teribilo.7 

Apheresis. 

'n  =  uno  (Son.  Pop.,  43),  'na  =  una  55,  Universale  43.  In 
'n  and  'na  the  tonic  u  becomes  pretonic  before  it  is  cut  off  by 
apheresis. — Cf.  Flor.  'n,  'na  ; — Sen.  'na  C.  Son.,  13,  'Golino 
41; — Luc.  'na  Can.  Pop.,  19; — Pis.  'Golino  C.  Son.,  23, 
'na  85. 

Syncope. 

After  q:  catrino  (C.  36),  ligori  (Gr.  P.  43).— Cf.  Flor. 
chistione  C.  Son.,  40. 

2.    Post-tonic  u. 

(a)    u  remains  in  proparoxytones. 

1.  Before  I:  teribule  tus  (turis)  -\-  (Ap.  33),  populo  (S.  Fr. 
40),  seculo  51. 

2.  Before  Z>  r:  bruscuro  btixulum  (M.  2>),pisuro  7,  roturo 
25,  scarrabatturi  31,  cioture  German,  schutt  -f  ultlm  37,  trot- 

1  Fernow,  Rom.  Stud.,  Ill,  274. 

2  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  II,  182,  186. 

3  Caix,  Origini,  95 ;  Zehle,  Laut-und  Flex.,  32. 
4Zs.,  IX,  548-9.  6Jbid.,  145. 

5  A.  O.  XII,  115.  7  cf.  pt  >  ct,  1 16,  2. 


38  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

tura,  fignuro  German,  finne  +  ulum  42,  spiguro  43,  brocuri 
53,  ventricuro  56,  pillura,  rozzura,  moccuro  Uso,  639. — Cf. 
Flor.  maculo  Lam.  di  Cec,  8,  popul  Intell.,  200 ; — Luc.  pil- 
lura, becuro,  pentura,  tomburo,  populo,  tabemaculo,  turibulo ;  x 
— populo,  turibulo? 

AU 

§  13.    Tonic  au. 

au  (generally  secondary)  remains  in  old  Pistojese :  paraula 
(At.  S),paulo  21,  laudi  22,  diaula  .48,  imparaule  (J.  16),  taula 
24,  auro,  tesawo  (Cino,  424). — Cf.  Flor.  auro  Intell.,  132; — 
Luc.  aulo,  paraula,  taula,  diaulo,  fraula,  miraulo,  Paulo  ; 3 — 
Pis.  naulo,  raula,  taula,  caulo,  Paulo.4 

Variants. 

(a)  au^>u;  that  is  the  a  is  rounded  by  assimilation  to  the 
u  and  then  uu  is  reduced  to  u :  u  aut  (Al.  7). 

(b)  au  >  uo :  pub  paucum  (Gr.  P.  40). 

§  14.    Atonic  au. 
1.    Pretonic  au. 

(a)  au  >  a :  in  old  Pistojese :  atorita  (Al.  53),  aricafoo 
(J.  24). 

(b)  au^>  o :  odierae  (Al.  36),  osingatori  39,  ogosto  (Rice, 
3),  by  assimilation,  odito  (Cino,  72),  orolegio  =  lauro  -f-  re^io 
(7.  and  M.  21).— Cf.  Luc.  Ogosto  B.  Luc,  16. 


1A.  G.,  XII,  115.  3/6W.,  110. 

2/6id.,  146.  4  Ibid.,  143. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF  THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  39 

CONSONANTS. 

A.    LABIALS. 

P 

§  15.    Initial  p. 

Variants. 

(a)  p  >  c:  cicco  =  piccolo  (M.  28)  by  assimilation. 

(b)  j?  >/••  fermanenza  (Gr.  P.  18),  probably  permanenza 
-f-  fermare,  (fd)foo=poco  (Son.  Pop.,  43)  by  assimilation. 

§  16.    Medial  p. 

1.    Intervocalic  p. 

p>pp:  sappiente  (M.  6),  (co')  ppie  53,  doppo  (C.  11),  trap- 

pocho  (Gr.  P.  25). — Cf.  Sen. pappa,  doppo,  G(igli),  V(ocabola,7'io 

Cateriniano),  remarks  :  "  Doppo  scrisse  la  Santa  (Caterina),  e 

tutti  i  Sanesi,  ed  i  Lucchesi,  ed  i  Pisani,  ed  i  Pistojesi,  ed  gli 

Aretini."  1 

Variants. 

(a)  p  remains  :  apo  apud  (Al.  16). 

(b)  p  >  b :  abis  lapis  (Gr.  P.  11). 

2.  p  before  a  consonant. 

p(-\-  2)  >  c  (+  £)  in  old  Pistojese  by  analogy  with  the  numer- 
ous Latin  words  in  ct  as  dlctttm,  etc. :  corrocto  cfirruptum  (A  I. 
8),  achacta  Sdcaptum,  scricto  12,  iscrictura,  incactiviscie  30, 
sectembre  71. 

Variants. 

(a)  p  (+  t)  remains  :  scripto  (Al.  7). — Cf.  Pis.  scripto  Crest., 
166. 

1  Zs.,  IX,  566. 


40  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

(b)  p  (+  r)  >  b  (+  r):  abrile  (Al.  74),  ginebro  junip'riis 
{Gr.P.  14).  ' 

Syncope. 

(a)  Intervocalic £>:  piolare  pipilare  (C.  89)  by  dissimilation. 

(b)  Before  t:  iscrito  (Al.  14),  Batista  (J.  16),  setanta  (Gr. 
P.  12).— Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  otime,  Setembres,  setimo.1 

PP 

§  17.    Medial  pp. 

1.    Intervocalic  pp. 

pp~>p  in  old  Pistojese:  aparechia  appariciilare  (Al.  12), 
apuntato  (Ap.  7),  aporra  99. 

2.  pp  before  a  consonant. 
pp  +  r  >  pr :  apresso  (Al.  9),  aprossima  (Ap.  97). 

B 

§  18.    Initial  b. 
Variants. 

(a)  b  >/:  forbotta  (C.  11)  by  dissimilation. 

(b)  b  >  m .-  migna  by  the  assimilation  of  the  oral  labial  to 
the  nasal  labial. 

§  19.    Medial  b. 

1.    Intervocalic  b. 

(a)  6>66:  abbominatione  (Ap.  71),  rubbato  (N.  115), 
scabbelli  (31.  31),  dobboletto  35,  ro66a  (&  10),  M6era  (C.  9), 
subbito  12,  (gm')  bbambino  (Gr.  P.  23),  subbitana  24,  sabbato 
35. — Cf.  Sen.  robba,  robbare,2  subbito  C.  Son.,  8; — Luc.  debbito, 
nobbile;3 — Pis.  libbero,  subbito,  dubbitare.4 

1  Schuch.,  Vokalkmus,  I,  143-4.  3  A  <?.,  XII,  124. 

2Zs.,  IX,  566.  4 Ibid.,  152. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  41 

(b)  6  >  g  probably  under  Etruscan  influence  :  lagorare  (S. 
93),  nugole  nubllem  (C.  22),  lagoro. — Cf.  Flor.  lagorare  Tan- 
da,  875,  lagorio  877,  lagoro  926  ; — Sen.  lagorare,  lagorio, 
diagol  dnibttliim.1 

Variants. 

(a)  6  remains  in  old  Pistojese  :  dubio  (Al.  5),  debono  (J.  1), 
obedire  15. 

(b)  b  >  sc:  diascolio  (C.  43),  diascolo. — Cf.  Flor.  diascolo 
Tancia,  876. 

(c)  6  >  v :  possivole  (C.  37). 

(d)  b  >  w :  avvorto  &b5rtum  (M.  46). 

2.  b  after  a  consonant. 

m  -f-  b  >>  mm:  incommensa  cumbSre  +  (Gr.  P.  17). — Cf. 
Luc.  incommensa,  incammo  =  in  -f-  cambio.2 

3.  6  before  a  consonant. 

Variants. 

(a)  Before  r. 

1.  6  remains :  labra  {Al.  3),  febraio  (Rice,  34),  fabrica 
{Gr.  P.  43). 

2.  6  >  66:  Zi66ro,  libbra  (Gr.  P.  11). 

3.  6  >  p :  Ottopre  (Gr.  P.  11). 

4.  6  >  r  by  assimilation  :  Ferrago  (S.  76). 

5.  6  >  v :  livre  llbr&rn  (J.  2),  livra  (J.  2,  n.). — Cf.  Sen. 
livro  librum,  livra;2 — Pis.  livra,  ottovre.3 

(b)  6 (-J-  s)  remains:  observare  (Al.  13). 

(c)  6(+  t)  >  c(-f-  £)  in  old  Pistojese  by  analogy  with  the 
many  Latin  forms  in  ct  as  dictum,  etc.  :4  socio  subtus  (Al.  4), 
soctilmente  13,  soctile  27,  asoctialiamento  31. — Cf.  Luc.  socto 
5.  iwc,  5. 

Zs.,  IX,  566.  3  /6iof.,  152. 

*A.  G.,  XII,  124.  4  cf.  p<  >c<,  §  16,  2. 


o: 


■ 


42  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

Syncope. 

(a)  Intervocalic  b :  altroe  &liter  +  tibi  (Al.  5),  diaula  48. 

(b)  Before  a  consonant :  oservare  (Al.  46),  solevb  (Ap.  79), 
Feraio  (Rice,  60). — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  Feraras  (=  Februarias)} 

Epenthesis. 

After  m  the  voiced  labial  b  is  introduced  as  a  glide  in  modern 
Pistojese :  stombaco  (31.  6),  rigombitd  =  vomito  8,  omb&  16,  stom- 
bachini  47,  camberata  72,  sembola  (C.  17),  cambera  21,  rembo- 
lare  r&mdrare  (N.  76),  sembolino,  gombiti,  prezzembolo  (secondary 
m)  pStr5s6tin6n,  coombero  cucumergni  (Gr.  P.  12). — Cf.  Flor. 
omb&  Tancia,  879; — Luc.  cambera,  coombaro,  tomburo,  sembola, 
gombito,  stombaco;2 — Pis.  cambera,  coombero,  sembola,  gombito, 
stombaco;5 — Aret. fiamba,  sembola;* — Ladini  stombec* 

BB 

§  20.    Medial  bb. 

1.    Intervocalic  bb. 

Variant. 

bb>b:  babo  b&bum  (Gr.  P.  21). 

F 

§  21.    Medial  f. 

1.    Intervocalic  f. 

f^>ff  only  after  the  conjunctions  e,  che,  the  prepositions  a, 
da  and  the  article  la:  effine  =  e  -\-fine  (Ap.  5),  effaJ  9,  effugli 
25,  effortezza  31,  effu  35,  effedeli  73,  effano  75,  chefecie  59,  «/for- 
michare  11,  affimre,  daffare  (Gr.  P.  40),  laffemmina  (Ap.  71). — 
Cf.  Aret.  affine,  affare  Crest.,  176,  e  ^a,  afforza  179. 

1  Schuch.,  Foi-ahsmus,  1, 128 ;  III,  64.         3  Ibid.,  150. 

2  A  G.,  XII,  120.  4  Ascoli,  A  (?.,  I,  308,  n.  2. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  43 

2.  /  after  a  consonant. 
Variants. 

(n+)f>(n)  +  f:'nffine(Al.  76). 

Prosthesis. 
fazione=fare  -f-  azlone  (Gr.  P.  18). 

FF 

§  22.    Medial  ff. 

1.    Intervocalic  f. 

f>f:  oficio  (Al.  21),  dificile  (Rice,  29),  difiulta  (Gr.  P.  15), 

afezionata  21. 

2.  Jf  before  a  consonant. 

(a)  f  (+  r)  >/(+  r) :  o/Woono  (Gr.  P.  22). 

V 

§  23.    Initial  v. 

(a)  v>6:  bomitare  (Ap.  17),  bode  =  voce  19,  bassogliate 
vasoriurn  -f  (If.  43),  boto. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  bia,  bice,  benisti;1 — 
Flor.  boce; — Sen.  boce,  bociare,  boto.2 

(b)  v  >  g ;  that  is  6  becomes  bilabial  and  is  then  backed 
under  Etruscan  influence:  golaa,  golatina,  gorpe  =  volpe  (C. 
10). — Cf.  Sen.  golpe,  golare,  goto. 

§  24.    Medial  v. 

1.    Intervocalic  v. 

Variants. 

(a)  v  remains  :  pavura  (C.  9). 

(b)  vy-vv:  provveggo  (31.  54),  intravvenuto  (N.  31). 

(c)  v  >  b  :  eba  (Al.  26). 

1  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  75.  2  Zs.,  IX,  567. 


44  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

(d)  v  >  g :  rigomitd  (M.  8). 

(e)  v  -\-  i  >  bi :  gabie  gav6&  ( Gr.  P.  43). 

2.   w  before  a  consonant. 

(a)   i;  (+ 0  >p(-M):  ciptadella  (Rice,  10),  ciptadino  11, 

cipto  27. 

Syncope. 

Intervocalic  v  in   modern   Pistojese :    (/a)  'ogghio  (S.   7), 

arriare  11,  rimoere,  (ti)  8ggo  32,  riende  80,  Liorno  92,  ciilino 

96,  Ciitaecchia,  (ci)  'engo  104,  w&o  106,  (eK)  Were  122,  cKino 

151,  (prendera')  'ista  152,  gioentu  159,  (7a)  'os^ra  205,  $erra- 

a^e  231,  traerso,  proerbio  (C.  8),  cattio,  6rao  9,  £ea,  die??io  15, 

gioane,  caati  18,  gioanino,  cittta,  leatico,  taola  19,  taolino  29, 

gioanotto  36,  dierfo  40,  incattiita  43,  rinciilita  44,  and  in  the 

old  language /ao  (Ji.  15);  secondary  i>;  ae>e  (/S.  20),  £>dero 

29,  caa^o  30,  toagghia  Germanic  Jmahlja   58,  aanzo   116, 

laorare  128,  scriano,  troare  151,  beanda  blb&ndS,  153,  feoro 

((7.  22),  awfo,  addoe  26,  6eer  bibere  27,  caalluccio  32,  goerno 

33,  scriere  (S.  and  C.  21). — Cf.  Flor.  attto  Tancia,  936,  (ci) 

'orrebbe  C.  Son.,  6,  (potessi)  'enire,  (si)  'ede  7,  (Aa)  '*sfo,  fr»oa#o 

10,  (wna)  'orto  13,  dientare  14,  feare  15,  goerno  41,  6rao  44, 

tooto  77,  spiouto  Race,  280,  ccaofo  282,  quiggione,  riceere 

284; — Sen.  6ree,  (waso)  We  (7.  Son.,  7,  awfo  16,  jpoero  26; — 

Luc.  auto,  beuto,  riceuto,  attroe;1 — Pis.  auto,  beuto,  riceuto, 

piouto,  attroe.2 

Epenthesis. 

Intervocalic  v:  Pavolo  (Gr.  P.  46);  under  the  influence  of 
the  labial  vowel  o,  intervocalic  v  is  intercalated  in  order  to 
break  hiatus. 

W 

§  25.    Initial  w. 

Variants. 

(a)   w  >  b :  bidalesco  German,  widerrist  (M.  41). 

1  A.  G.,  XII,  119.  -  Ibid.,  148-9. 


THE  PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  45 

(b)  w>gf:  giangie  O.  H.  G.  wankja  (Gr.  P.  14),  by- 
assimilation. 

(c)  w  >  v:  verra  German,  werra  (Al.  68). 

B.    DENTALS. 
T 

§  26.    Initial  t. 
Variants. 

1.  Simple  initial. 

ty>ch (=  k)  through  tj:  chiepido  (31.  58),  chienire  ( Gr.  P.  37) 
<  tienire  <  tfinere. 

2.  Initial  group. 

K+  r)  >/(+  r) •  fracchienere  (C.  28). 

§  27.    Medial  t. 
1.    Intervocalic  t. 

(a)  t  >  tt  after  a,  che :  atte  ==a  -\-te  (Ap.  9),  attestimoniare 
97,  chettu,  chettiene  7,  chetteme  81  ;  also  etterno  59,  mattutina 
13,  etta  (Rice,  44),  (sia)  ttopi  (31.  34),  anedotto  an-ec-doton 
(  Gr.  P.  47). — Cf.  Luc.  acchitto,  cottone,  tittolo  ;  1 — Pis.  cottono, 
uttilitade,  Prottonotaio,  3Iattelda,2  regalatta,  pagatta,  compratta, 
usatta  C.  Son.,  59. 

(b)  t>d. 

1.  In  the  terminations  -ate,  -uie,  -tore  in  old  Pistojese:  gen- 
eralitade,  oscuritade  (Al.  3),  volontade,  amistade  4,  veritade, 
Jidelitade,  vanitade  7,  malvascitade  8,  nequitade  9,  otilitade, 
crudelitadi  12,  quantitade  13,  qualitade  14,  sanitade  15,  adver- 
sitade  19,  dijicoltade  23,  onesiacle,  bontade  25,  humanitade, 
somitade  31,  voluttade,  infermitade  35,  necessitade  36,  iniqui- 
tade  50,  possibilitade  52,  autoritadi  59,  povertade,  parentadi 

1  Ibid.,  123.  *  Ibid.,  151. 


46  J.    D.    BRUNEE. 

61,  libertade,  mendieitade  62,  cittade  64,  benignitade  69,  san- 
tade  71,  nimistade  74,  ereditade  (B.  81),  nativitade  (J.  1), 
etade,  podestade  2,  solennitade  5,  universitade  7,  metade  9, 
festivitade  10 ,  proprietade  16,  nuditade  (Ap.  17),  chiaritade  91 ; 
vertude  (Al.  57),  servitude  Q6  ;  servidore  5,  inperidore  53.  In 
Albertano  there  are  only  two  forms  in  which  the  termination 
-ate  is  preserved:  utilitate  47,  cupiditate  71,  while  the  preser- 
vation of  -tore  is  the  rule  :  difenditore  12,  uditore  14,  lusinga- 
tore  21,  gridatore  25,  etc. 

2.  Special  cases :  privadi  (AL  21),  rachidine  Grk.  pa^lri? 
(Gr.  P.  14),  podere. — Cf.  Flor.  volontade  Crest.,  20;  "  Die 
Endungen  der  Substantiva  auf  -afe,  -wte,  welche  bei  den  altes- 
ten  Dichtern  fast  ausschliesslich  gesetzt  werden — hochst  selten 
sind  -ade,  -ude — haben  bei  Dante  ebenso  haufig  -ade,  -ude 
neben  sich,  sowohl  im  Reim  wie  in  der  Mitte  des  Verses. 
Audi  Brunetto  hat  beide  Formen." 1  imperadore  Inf.  I,  134; — 
Sen.  fadiga,  amministr adore,  staduto,  mudande,  podere,  pri- 
vado;2 — Luc.  fedeltade  B.  Luc,  3,  voluntade  18,  podestade, 
meitade,  dignitade  32,  comunitade  34,  utilitade  61,  quantitade 
70,  cittade  74,  etc. ; — Pis.  uttilitade,5  servidore  Crest.,  58  ; — 
Canzon.  ital.  podestade,  eitade,  sanitade,  aversitade,  onestade, 
utilitade,  amistade,  gioventade,  chastitade,  bonitade,  pietade, 
charitade,  by  the  side  of  the  forms  in  -ate,  etc.  Also  ama- 
dore,  galiadore,  validore,  rappidor,  miradore,  partadore,  spera- 
dore,  by  the  side  of  vengiatore,  etc.4 

(c)  t  >  th  ()>)  regularly  in  modern  Pistojese ;  the  develop- 
ment occurs  more  frequently  after  the  accent  than  before  it. 

1.    After  the  accent. 

a.  5  Pres.  Indicative  and  Imperative :  fathemi,  dathemi, 
scusathemi,  stathe,  parlathe,  siethe,  vedethe,  credethe,  dithe,  sen- 
tithe,  venithe,  etc. 

yS.  Perf.  Participle  :  datho,  statho,  natho,  amatho,  portatho, 
pagatho,  tentatho,  scusatho,  mostratho,  adoperatho,  autho,  sapu- 

1  Zehle,  Laut-  und  Flex,,  53.  3  Ibid.,  151. 

8  Zs.,  IX,  560.  4  Caix,  Origini,  155-6. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  47 

tho,  perdutho,  itho,  sortitho,  capitho,  sentitho,  venitho,  Jinitho, 
salitho,  etc. 

7.  Other  cases  :  pothere,  ripethere,  vitha,  giomathe,  mutho, 
consuetho,  and  in  the  old  language  popolatho  (Al.  58). 

2.  Before  the  accent :  patherno,  pothea,  compathire,  (egghi) 
thornava,  dubithb,  pietha,  pathibolo,  (ehe)  thiene,  (la)  therra,  (la) 
thesta,  muthamento,  and  in  the  old  language  catholica  (Al.  66). — 

In  the  Florentine  dialect  intervocalic  t  after  the  accent  be- 
comes ch  (written  in  Uso  oh,  in  C  Son.  c,  before  a,  0,  and  ch 
before  e,  but  pronounced  open  ch).  Examples  from  Uso  : 
Pilacho,  restacha,  vedeche,  sieche,  ache,  entracho,  aspettache, 
dareche,  voissucho  =  volsuto,  pedache,  veniche  206,  voleche, 
potucho,  siache,  peccacho  207,  facciacha,  parlacho,  diche,  no- 
tache,  usacho,  ripetucho  208,  etc.  Examples  from  C.  Son. : 
jinico  19,  scappaca,  procuraco,  stampaco,  proibica,  studiaco 
20,  giornaca,  guadagnaca,  disgraziaca,  sudaco  22,  staco  29, 
sentico,  portaco  30,  nottache,  giulebbache,  sonache  33,  daco, 
citaco,  sieche  36,  etc. 

Variants. 

(a)  t>  ct:  tictolo  (Al.  4). 

(b)  t  >•  gg':  meggia  meta"  (C.  8). 

(c)  ty>  r:  coresto  eccu  +  tibi  +  istum  (M.  11). 

t  +  i 

(a)  t  (+  i)  remains  in  old  Pistojese  :  gratia  (Al.  3),  isposi- 
tione  5,  genneratione,  gratiosa  8,  malitia  11,  amicitia  12, 
giustitia  15,  tristitia  20,  pretioso  27,  avaritia  34,  malitiosi, 
convisatione  38,  liberatione  (J.  9),  pretio  11,  amonitione,  repa- 
ratione  15,  operationi  17,  tribulationi  (Rice,  1),  ufitiali  16, 
devotione  23,  venitiani  24,  tristitia  51,  tribulationi  57,  laudatia 
(Ap.  5),  sag?,ifitii  11,  tentatione  15,  beneditione  21,  orationi, 
natione  23,  intossichationi,  fornicationi  41,  dannatione,  bordel- 
latione  69,  abominatione,  amiratione  71,  dilitie  75,  giustifica- 
tioni  81,  gratiosamente  89,  difitio  93. — Cf.  Luc.  restitutione  B. 
Luc,  2,  conditione  6,  spetiale,  petitione,  gratia  15,  inquisitione 


48  J.    D.    BRUNEE. 

23,  comparitione  29,  generatione  48,  distributione  54,  exami- 
natione  91,  emendatione,  probatione  101,  dijjinitione  102; — 
Canzon.  ital.  conditione,  pretioso,  vitio,  gratia,  iustitia,  karitia, 
dovitia,  rationale.1 

(b)  t(-j-  i)  >  sc  (-{-  z)  =  s  in  old  Pistojese  :  rascione  (Al.  4), 
induscio,  dispresciare  6,  mavasciamente,  malvascitadi  8,  maZ- 
vascio  11,  serviscio  12,  diliberascione  23. — Of.  Flor.  rascione 
Crest.,  20; — Sen.  condan(n)ascione,  denunziascione,  rascione, 
serviscio;2 — Pis.  prescio,  rascione  Crest,  167; — Canzon.  ital. 
prescio,  rascione.3 

(c)  £(+i)  >  z  (=  fe)  in  old  Pistojese;  this  development  takes 
place  principally  with  the  suffix  -iti£ :  a,spreze  [Al.  7),  caldeze  10, 
dolceza  15,  vechieza  16,  riccheza,  grandeza  22,  dimesticheza  49, 
agevileza  52,  stolteza  58,  allegreza,  gentileza  61,  macteza  68,  /ar<7~ 
Aeza  69,forteza  (Rice,  10),  belleza,  dispreza  45;  also  modern 
witaza  mat(t)ea  (Grr.  P.  21). — Cf.  Aret.  vagheza,  graveza,  giente- 
leza,  belleza,  richeza  Crest.,  174,  allegreza  175,  a^fcza  180. 

(d)  £  (+  i)  >  zs  (+  i)  =  #si  in  modern  Pistojese  :  prezzio 
(N.  205),  ringrazzi  (Gr.  P.  20),  grazzia,  disgrazzie,  ozzio  21, 
pastorizzia,  vizzi  22,  nazzioni,  pazziensa,  condizzione  21. 

Variants. 

(a)  £  (i)  >  c :  ispreciando  (Al.  22). 

(b)  f  (-f-  j)  >  c  (=  &) :  incumincare  (Al.  68). 

(c)  £  ( +  *)  >  th  (})) :  grathia  (Al.  16),  impathe  19,  ricceiha  62. 

(d)  £  (+  /)  >  sc  (s£) :  rascone  (Al.  64),  indusco  68,  dispresca 
69,  'nduscare  70. 

(e)  ^  (+  &)  >  s#  (+  *)  =  2.'  rasgione  (J.  5). — Cf.  Prat. 
rasgione  Crest,  95 ; — Pis.  stasgione  58  ; — Aret.  rasgione  168. 

(f)  £  (-f-  i)  !>  c£  (+  i)  :  discretione  (Al.  4). 

2.    if.  after  a  consonant. 

(a)  (s  +)  t  >  (s  -J-)  c^  (=  &') :  foraschiero  (C.  35),  mescliieri, 
asche.ro  (Gr.  P.  17). 

1 J&id.,  157-8.  £  Zs.,  IX,  561.  aCaix,  Origini,  160. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  49 

(b)  (s  -f)  t  (+  r)  >  88  by  assimilation :  nosso,  vosso  (M.  32), 
mossato  (M.  32,  n.). 

(c)  (c -{-)  t  (-\- f)  remains:  indictione  (Al.  16),  subiectione 
75,  electione  (J.  2),  factione  6. — Cf.  Luc.  exactione  B.  Imc, 

18,  detractione  61  ; — Pis.  benedictione  Crest.,  166. 

(d)  (n  -4-)  <  (+  i)  remains  in  old  Pistojese :  pronontiare  (Al. 
13),  dinontiata  67,  licentia  (B.  77),  conscientia  (J.  3),  reverentia 
5,  mentione  11,  loquentia  (Rice,  44),  potentia  30,  presentia  51, 
patientia  (Ap.  5),  silmtio  33,  assentio  35,  mercantie  75. — Cf. 
Luc.  licentia  B.  Luc,  9,  credentia,  dinontiare  12,  sententia  13, 
mercantia  16,  stantiato  19,  antiani  104,  presentia  113; — Pis. 
presentia  Crest.,  166,  mercantia;1 — Aret.  sapientia  Crest,  175. 

(e)  (n  4-)  ^  (+  i)>  (w  +)  ^  (1>)  iQ  old  Pistojese  :  cm£A£  (.4X 
3),  usanthi,  sapientha  11,  prudentha,  canoscentha  47. — Cf.  Luc. 
dinanthi,  innanthi  B.  Luc,  12. 

(f)  (n  +)  £  (+  i)  >  (n)  +  « *  Firense  (Gr.  P.  12),  mancansa 

19,  scensa,  coscensa  20,  pazziensa  21,  indigensa  44,  innansi 
67. — Cf.  Sen.  benivolensa,  cominsare,  Fiorensa,  dinansi,  sensa, 
stansa;2 — Luc.  dinansi  B.  Luc,  23,  credensa,  dilivansa  99, 
rinonsare  101  ; — Pis.  senblansa,  doglensa,  amansa,  pietansa, 
intensa,  disviansa,  accordansa,  soffrensa,  dubitansa,  partensa 
Crest.,  78,  valensa,  fallensa,  dottansa,  convenensa,  tardansa, 

plagensa  79; — Aret.  sembiansa  170,  temensa  176,  valensa, 
negrigiensa  183. 

(g)  (w  +)  *  (+  £)  >(w  +)  2  (+  ?:)-*  confidenzie  (N.  101), 
presenzia  106,  reverenzie,  sentenzia  124,  avvertenzie  315. 

(h)  (s  +)  *  (+  i)  >  s  +  eft  (=  &')  +  i :  beschiaccia  (C.  24), 
beschia,  fracchienere  =  trattenere  28,  oschia  (Gr.  P.  11). 

(i)   s  (-f-  0  >  ss  by  assimilation. 

1.  Pret.  Ind.  2  :  passassi,  mangiassi  (IS.  208),  prestassi, 
andassi,  stassi  (Gr.  P.  43),  cadessi  (S.  207),  cognoscessi  62, 
potessi  117,  ebbessi  (C.  47),  cogghiessi  65,  cfo'ssi  68,  siedessi  101, 
tacessi  105,  tienessi  106,  vedessi  109,  fussi,  facessi,  dicessi  (Gr. 
P.  33),  sentissi  (8.  138),  partissi  207,  vienissi  (C.  110). 

M.  G.,  XII,  151.  8Zs.,  IX,  561. 

4 


50  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

2.  Pret.  Ind.  5:  andassi  (8.  34),  stessi  (C  103),  ebbessi 
(8.  29),  cognossi  62,  cogghiessi  64,  volessi  156,  /wssi  (C.  70), 
paressi  86,  potessi  90,  siedessi  101,  tacessi  105,  tienessi  106, 
vedessi  109,  dicessi  (Gr.  P.  33),  sentissi  (8.  138),  vienissi  155, 
partissi  (C.  87). 

3.  Conditional  2:  anderessi  (8.  34),  ameressi  173,  saressi 
74,  daressi  (C.  14),  diressi  32,  averessi  48,  cogghieressi  66, 
saperessi  (N.  169). 

4.  Conditional  5 :  anderessi  (S.  34),  aressi  30,  cogghieressi 
66,  dirressi  68,  saressi  74. 

5.  Imp.  Subj.  5 :  andessi  (8.  34),  aessi  30,  cogghiessi  (C. 
65),  dicessi  68,  /ttssi  71,  sapessi  (N.  145),  vienissi  40. — Cf. 
Pop.  Lat.  Pret.  2:  duxissi;1 — Sen.  Imp.  Subj.  5:  aitasse, 
andasse,  avesse,  dessi,  dicesse,  dovesse,  facesse,  persassi,  pigli- 
asse,  sapesse.2 

Variants. 

(a)  (s  -(-)  £  remains  :  j?sfo'o,  stianto  ast[u]la"  (GV.  P.  11). 

(b)  (c  +)  *  >  cc  (=  M) :  spacco  (GV.  P.  43). 

(c)  (£+)<>  (J  +)  #'.•  vo/^a/e  =  «>o#afe  (^.  1 3). 

(d)  (n  +)  £  >•  (w  +)  ch  (==  ¥) :  manchienuta  (M.  12),  volen- 
chieri  (C.  22). — Cf.  Flor.  volenchieri  C.  Son.,  11. 

(e)  (n  +)  t  >  (n  +)  ct :  tancte  (Al.  59). 

(f )  (c  +)  £ (+  j)  >  22  (=  fts)  -f  * ;  qfezzionato  ( GV.  P.  21). 

(g)  (l  +)  *  +  i  >  (*  +)  s  •  film  fi1'^  (^  -P-  21)- 

(h)    (n  +)  <  +  j  >(w  +)  c  (=  h) :  fancullo  ( O.  P.  21). 

(i)   n  4  t  +  i  >  ^  +  cn  (=  &')  +  *  •*  denanchi  (Al.  54). 

(J)    (r  ~\~)  t  (+  i)  remains :  fer/io  (Rice,  41). 

(k)   (r  +)  <  (+  %)  >  (r  +)  s:  forsa  (Gr.  P.  24),  smorsata  43. 

(1)  (s  -J-)  t  (-f  j)  >  «*:  possa  pSstga"  (Al.  6).  This  assimila- 
tion of  the  t  to  the  s  is  caused  by  the  strong  sonorous  character 
of  the  s. 

3.   t  before  a  consonant. 

Variants. 

(a)  t  ('c)  >  g  +  i  (g) :  viagio  (Al.  10). 

(b)  t  (+  r)  >  ft  (+  r) :  <w  teftre!  =  ftftte  e  tre'  (Gr.  P.  24). 

1  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  145.  2  Zs.,  IX,  413. 


THE   PHONOLOGY  OF  THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  51 

(c)  t  (+  2)  >  I  (-f-  2) :  falzoletto  dimin.  of  German,  fetzen 
(Gr.  P.  10);  t  >  2  by  assimilation  and  then  2  >  Z  under  in- 
fluence of  the  following  If 

TT 

§  28.     Medial  tt. 
Intervocalic  tt. 

(a)  #  >  ct  (k't)  in  old  Pistojese :  tuctora,  versecto,  infra- 
mectere  (Al.  3),  saecte  5,  tucto  7,  mecteno  11,  poghecto  13, 
bactalia  29,  conbactere  66,  macteza  68,  mactina  71,  lectera 
(Rice,  14). — Cf.  Sen.  inpromectere  Crest,  164  ; — Luc.  iwcfo 
P.  iwc,  3,  quactro  22,  saectare  23,  mectare  66,  dimactina  92 ; 
— Pis.  £wc££  Crest.,  166; — Aret.  fotcfo  177. 

(b)  tt^>  t:  quatro  (Ah  30),  £«&  31,  saefe  51,  atesfo  ((xr.  P. 
44). 

Variants. 

(a)  #  (+*)!>  ec  (=  M) :  goccolone  guttia  +  ( Or.  P.  20). 

(b)  t(t)  +  i  >  2:  ammazato  m£t(t)e&  +  (Gr.  P.  67). 

D 
§  29.    Initial  d. 
d(+  j)  ">g:  gorno  dmrnum  (Al.  22,  Gr.  P.  16). 

§  30.    Medial  d. 

1.    Intervocalic  d. 

(a)  d  -*-  >  dd :  sopraddetto  (B.  79),  daddio  (Ap.  17),  addue 
45,  adduoi  51,  tuttiddua  (M.  4),  verneddi  17,  contraddanza  (S. 
154),  actaoperct[>e]  (C.  47),  deddio  (Gr.  P.  16).— Cf.  Flor.  d 
ddafo  Crest.,  25 ; — Luc.  soddomito,  rimmeddio,  imbiddia,  mar- 
teddl,  gioveddl,  luneddl.1 

lA.  <?.,  XII,  123. 


52  J.   D.    BRUNER. 

(b)  d  >  th  ("S)  in  modern  Pistojese :  rithere,  vithi,  motho, 
erethe,  stratho,  grithd,  (sono)  thebitore,  uthire,  methesimo  (secon- 
dary d),  (si)  theve,  siethere,  cothardo. 

Variants. 

(a)  d  remains :  ched  (£)  quid  ( Al.  64). — Cf.  Sen.  eked; 1 — 
Luc.  died  e;2 — Pis.  ched  el.3 

(b)  d  >  I:  olorare  =  Sdgrare  +  5l6re  (Al.  55).4— Cf.  Flor. 
olore  Tancia,  1. 

(c)  d  >  r :  mirolla  mfidullam  ( Gr.  P.  11 ). — Cf.  Sen.  mirollo.5 

(d)  d^>  t:  temitoso  (31.  88)  by  assimilation,  mucito  (Gr.  P. 
15),  acito  23,  influenced  by  aceto. — Cf.  Luc.  tiebbito,  friggito, 
sucito;2 — Pis.  velocipite,  ossito,  liquito.6 

(e)  d  >  v ;  that  is  d  disappears  and  v  is  introduced  as  a 
voiced  labial  glide  under  the  influence  of  a  labial  vowel  or  of 
a  (?) :  avolterio  (Al.  22),  chiovo  (31.  3,  n.),  slavigli  (cf.  pavesi) 
Gr.  P.  13. 

(f)  d  (+  i)  >  g  -\-  i  (g)>  ogi  (Al.  54),  segiole. — Cf.  Sen. 
ogi  Crest,  162. 

(g)  d  ( -J-  i)  >  gh :  poghecto  pSdium  +  ( Al.  1 2),  segho  (Ap.  75). 
(h)    d  -f-  i  >  ggh :  cregghiate  (31.  3). 

(i)    d  (-f-  i)^>  gl  -\-  i  (lf) :  noglia  =  noja,  gioglia  (31.  11). 
0)    ^  (+  &)  >  #n  ~M  (n') :  vergognia  (Gr.  P.  20). 
(k)   d!  (+  $  >  is  mezane  (Al.  13),  mezo  (Gr.  P.  22).— Cf. 
Luc.  mezo  B.  Luc.,  21. 

2.    d  before  a  consonant, 
d  (secondary)  -\-  r  >  th  +  r  (jSr) :  pathre,  mathre,  lathro. 

Variants. 

(a)  d  (+  y)  remains  in  the  learned  word  adversitade  (Al.  19). 

(b)  d(  +  j)>  gl  (=  I')  -f  i :  agliutare  (Gr.  P.  44). 

1  Zs.,  IX,  561 .  *  A.  (?.,  XII,  1 23.  3  A.  G.,  XII,  152. 

4Cf.  Brugmann,  Indo-German.  Gram.,  I,  §  369. 

6  Zs.,  IX,  562.  6  A.  G.,  XII,  151. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF  THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  53 


(c)  d(+r)  >Z(+r);  itropico  Grk.  vSpcox  (M.  8),  ritro- 
pisia  (Gr.  P.  14). — Cf.  Luc.  ritropico;1 — Pis.  ritropico.2 

(d)  d  (+  t)  >  c(+  t) :  macto  maditum  (Al.  4). 

§  31.    Final  d. 
d  >  * :  at  =  ad  (Al.  21). 

Apheresis. 
(pa#0  '«  =  $  (if.  25),  (spin')  orsale  (Gr.  P.  14). 

Prosthesis. 

deccogghi  =  eccogli  (C.  9),  (una)  distanza  =  istanza  (Gr.  P. 
12). — Cf.  Pis.  d&ccomi  C.  8071.,  51. 

Syncope. 

The  d  of  the  prefix  -ad  is  frequently  syncopated  before 
consonants  in  old  Pistojese;  perhaps,  however,  the  process 
is  that  of  reduction,  that  is  the  d  is  first  assimilated  to  the 
following  consonant,  and  then  the  double  consonant  is  reduced 
to  a  single  consonant. 

1.  Before  a  labial  consonant:  qfermi  (Al.  6),  amaestramento 
9,  avenire  12,  abisognano  14,  afigeno  19,  afatiamento  31,  amoni- 
tione  (J.  15),  and  in  the  modern  language  aversieri  (M.  50), 
afanni  (Gr.  P.  22). 

2.  Before  other  consonants  :  acompagnera  (Al.  11),  aguagli 
38,  asai,  asodiliare  16,  alora  19,  asoctiliamente  31. — Cf.  Sen. 
acomandare  Crest.,  82,  asai  163. 

Epenthesis. 

After  n  the  voiced  dental  glide  d  is  introduced :  cendere 
(Gr.  P.  11),  cenderone  12 ;  perhaps  the  d  of  inde  (?)  is  pre- 
served in  in-d-un  =  in  uno  (8.  24),  yndel  (Gr.  P.  40),  and 
ndella  67. — Cf.  Luc.  ehende,  sinde,3  ind  ello,  ind  uno;4 — Pis. 

1  A.  G.,  XII,  123.  3  Caix,  Origini,  166. 

8  A.  G.,  XII,  151.  *A.G.,  XII,  120. 


171 

©3 


54  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

ind  uno,  ind  ello,  cendere,  tendero  ; 1 — Canzon.  ital.  where  the  d  is 
evidently  from  inde :  vonde  =  vonnejande,  nd  'agio,  kende  =  che 
ne,  co  'nde,  minde,  also  nond'  d,  the  d  of  which  is  epenthetical  ;2 — 
French  cendre. 

DD 

§  32.     Medial  dd. 

Intervocalic  dd. 

dd  (secondary)  >  d:  freddo  (M.  41). 

TH 

§  33.    Medial  th. 

1.    Intervocalic  th. 

Variants. 

(a)  th  remains :  matheo  (Al.  53),  timotheo  73. 

(b)  th  >  d:  grysolido  chrysolithum  {Ap.  92). 

(c)  th  >  z  (probably  pronounced  th  =  3) : 3  cazolica  {Al.  66). 

2.    th  before  a  consonant. 
th{-\-  m)  >  mm  by  assimilation  :  arimmetica  (Gr.  P.  20). 

C.    SIBILANTS. 

s 

§  34.    Initial  s. 
Variants. 

(a)  s  >  c':  ducciano  siictiare  {Gr.  P.  36)  by  assimilation. 

(b)  s  >  sc  -\-i  (s)  :  scialiva  (C.  23). 

1Ibid.,  149.  *Uso,  206. 

3Cf.  anthi  =  anzi,  prodentha=prodenza,  sapienlha  =  sapienza,  etc.     \  27, 
2.  (e). 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  55 

(c)   s>z(s):  zole  (M.  6),  zinfonia  (Gr.  P.  11).— Cf.  Sen. 
which  changes  s  into  z  (s)  after  I,  m,  n,  r:  il  zole,  etc.1 

§  35.    Medial  s. 
1.    Intervocalic  s. 

(a)  s  >  .s ;  cosa,  cam. 

(b)  s  —  ss  in  old  Pistojese  after  si,  di,  a,  che,  e,  ma,  tu:  (si) 
ssi  (Al.  21),  (di)  sse  53,  (a)  ssoffeinrlla  60,  chessono,  essignificd, 
essignioria  (Ap.  3),  chessi  7,  masse,  massono,  chessiate  9,  essa- 
peranno  15,  tusse  17,  assedere,  essopra  19,  esservono,  essah  33, 
chessole  41,  assonare  43,  chessia  45,  essara  59,  essigniore  73, 
essolevo,  chessuonano  79,  assanta  95.  The  gemination  of  s 
takes  place  rarely  in  the  modern  language :  in  assaltare  and 
assercito  (M.  48,  n.)  the  s  <  &s  is  doubled  after  the  pretonic  e 
has  become  a;  sessia  (Gr.  P.  67).  I  have  noted  only  one 
example  of  s  >  ss  after  the  accent:  risposse  (Gr.  P.  22)  by 
analogy  with  scrissi,  vissi. — Cf.  Flor.  (da)  8somaja  Crest,  20, 
(la)  ssua,  (da)  Ssan  21,  (di)  ssopra  23,  (ke)  ssono  24,  (ke)  sso- 
dammo  25 ; — Luc.  usso,  ussare,  visso,  vissitare,  rossa,  chiessa, 
musso,  sposso,  spossare,  Luchessi,  etc. ; 2 — Pis.  "  8  mediano  fra 
vocali,  quando  e  sonoro,  si  raddoppia  di  regola  nel  pisano  antico. 
L'espressione  grafica  ne  e  z  6  ss;  e  son  superflui  gli  esempj ; " 3 — 
Aret.  (e)  sse  Crest.,  175,  (e)  ssollicito  176,  (e)  ssaggia,  (che)  sson, 
(che)  ssiamo  179. 

(c)  s  (+  i)  >  sc  (=  sk) :  cascone  (Al.  64),  basco  basiuni  74, 
buscardo  O.  H.  G.  b6si  +  (?)  43,  mahasco  69. 

Variants. 

(a)  s  >  z:  ritropizia  (Gr.  P.  44). 

(b)  s  (+  i)  >  s  (+  i)  :  malvasio  (Al.  11),  Asio  51. 

(c)  s  (+  j)  >  c  (=  k)  :  caco  c&sguni  (Gr.  P.  21)  by  assimi- 
lation, chamica  20. 

(d)  s  (+  i)  >  g:  cagonate  (Gr.  P.  21). 

1  Zs.,  IX,  560.  2A  G.,  XII,  119.  3  J6id.,  149. 


56  J.    D.   BRUNER. 

(e)  s  +  i  >  c  -f  i  (s) :  camicia. 

(f )  s  -f-  j  >  sc  -|-  i  (s)  :  chascione  (Al.  3). — Cf.  Prat,  cas- 
cione  Crest.,  95  ; — Sen.  cascione,  diviscione} 

2.   s  q/?er  a  consonant. 

(n  -{-)  s  ^>  (n  +)  2.'  smenza  =  immensa  (C.  24),  'nzomma 
17,  ricompenza  (Gr.  P.  20),  acchonzente  46. 

Variants. 

(a)  (n  +)  s  >  (n  +)  c'  (c)  :  sawct  (M.  77). 

(b)  p  -f-  s  >  |)  +  ss :  scripssi  (Al.  29). 

(c)  (r  +)  s  >  1.  (r  +)  c'  (c):  wmar  (if.  83) ;  2.  (r  +)  z: 
horze  =  corse. 

(d)  (n  -f)  s  (+  i)  >  1.  (7:  prigone  (Gr.  P.  21) ;  2.  sc  +  i 
(s)  :  priscione  (Al.  10) ;  3.  sg  -\-  i  (z) :  prisgione  (J.  2) ;  4. 
(n  +)  2  (+ *) :  protenzione,  protenzionoso  (Gr.  P.  12). — Cf. 
Sen.  piscione  ;  pisgione,  presgione.2 

Apheresis. 
capata  (M.  94). 

Prosthesis. 

1.  Before  a  labial  cons. :  sbasi  (M.  45),  sbeffare,  sposare  = 
posare  45,  n.,  sfusciarre  93,  sviolturi  95,  sbrendoloni  (C.  10), 
sfiammicante  11,  spolverino  (Gr.  P.  16). 

2.  Before  a  guttural :  scataverno  (M.  43),  scampare  45,  n. 

Syncope. 

1.  Intervocalic  s:  ventiei  (Rice,  23). 

2.  Before  c:  dicendiamo  (Al.  51). 

Metathesis. 

amestico  amethystum  (^4p.  93),  strapoeto  (Gr.  P.  12),  s6i- 
lungo  =  bislungo  23. 

1  Zs.,  IX,  559.  *  Caix,  Orient,  139. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  57 

ss 

§  36.    Medial  ss. 

Intervocalic  ss. 

ss  >  s :  discorresi  (Al.  4),  promeso  24,  prosima  (secondary 
ss)  44,  sonase  (Rice,  7),  dovese  8,  neciesaria  (Gr.  P.  21), 
posiede  67. 

Variants. 

(a)  ss  >  sc  -\-  i  (s) :  fracascio  (C.  29). 

(b)  ss  >  zz:  spazzaa  (C.  14). 

Z 

§  37.    Initial  z. 
z  >  r:  razzamaglia  (M.  11)  by  dissimilation. 

§  38.    Medial  z. 
1.    Intervocalic  z. 
z  (+  J)  >  ^  (+  *)  •  topatio  tSpazium  (Ap.  93). 

2.   2  q/fer  a  consonant. 
(cons.  +)z  >  (cons.  -\-)s:  falsoletto  (Gr.  P.  10),  scersi  67. 


58  J.    D.   BKUNEK. 


LIQUIDS. 

L 

§  39.    Initial  l. 

1.  Simple  initial. 
/'>  n':  gnin  =  gliene  (M.  38). 

2.  Initial  group. 

(a)  (lab.  +)  /  >  (lab.  +) r : *  frussione  (Gr.  P.  13),  prurale 
22  by  assimilation,  bramerebbe  (C.  33),  fragello  34,  sprendore, 
sprendido. 

(b)  (gutt.  -f)£>  (gntt.  -\-)r:  groria  (Al.  50)  and  grorifi- 
cano  61  b)r  assimilation,  Crolinda  (S.  125),  Crasio,  grobo  (Gr. 
P.  13),  scrama  (C.  9). — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  fragellum,  fros,  fruc- 
tuantes,  grades;2 — Flor.  sprendore  Tancia,  885,  sc?*uso  Lam. 
di  Cec,  36,  sprende  0.  Son.,  65,  Crotirde  97 ; — Sen.  cremenzia, 
sprendido,  sprendore?  fremma  C.  Son.,  1,  fragello  55  ; — Pis. 
Frora  C  Son.,  87 ; — Canzon.  ital.  sprendore,  -sprende,  bronda, 
craro,  pruzora,  prasire,  brasmare,  froreS 

§  40.    Medial  l. 
1.    Intervocalic  I. 

(a)  /  remains :  alegreza  {Al.  21),  mandalo  29,  ralegratevi 
(Ap.  79),  olocco  aldcum  (Or.  P.  15). 

(b)  I  >>  11:  istabille  (Al.  6),  parolle  9,  malli  11,  dillegente  13, 
periccollo  43,  vigillie  (J.  4),  allexandro  (Rice,  24)  bavulli  = 
bag  +  ulum  (GV.  P.  43),  collica  Grk.  kcoXlktj  44,  also  fre- 

1  Words  borrowed  from  the  Latin  change  in  the  old  language  their  Z  into 
r.    Meyer-Liibke,  Gram.  Rom.,  \  423. 
2Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  138-9. 
3  Zs.,  IX,  551-2.  *  Caix,  Origini,  139. 


THE    PHONOLOGY    OF    THE    PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  59 

quently  in  Ap.  before  the  article  and  personal  pronoun  after 
such  monosyllables  as  a,  da,  ma,  e,  che,  chi:  allui  5,  dalloro 
37,  malla  95,  ello  5,  clla,  elli  7,  ehella,  chelli  71,  chelle  89,  chillo 
11 ;  also  before  nouns :  allaudatia  5,  allangielo  7,  ellingue  59, 
chellione  41  ;  sella  =  se  -f  la  (B.  79),  allui  (Rice,  13),  ellui 
{Gr.  P.  41).— Cf.  Flor.  he  lie  Crest,  22 ;— Prat,  di  llui  94, 
co  llui  95 ; — Sen.  cho  llor'o  118,  a  llui  163 ; — Pis.  da  llei  58,  a 
llei  79; — Aret.  a  llui  170,  no  Hi  176,  e  llaida,  e  lloco,  se  llui 
177,  elloro  178,  e  llargo  179. 

(c)  I  >  r  is  a  strong  Pistojese  characteristic  and  is  in  con- 
stant use  at  San  Marcello :  pungoro  (Al.  73),  miscorino  (J.  4), 
pistorese  (Rice,  14),  piura  (M.  44),  furigelli  47  by  dissimila- 
tion, buried  54,  vor  (6'.  152),  var'  172,  pittore  (Gr.  P.  17)  by 
dissimilation;  the  suffix  -Slum  or  -ulum  >>  -uro  in  Mea:  brus- 
curo  3,  nocciur  4,  bricciurin,  pisuro  7,  lucciuro  9,  spazzure, 
brendur  11,  roturo  25,  sdrucciuro  29,  scarabatturi,  notturi, 
mesture,  penture  31,  picciuro,  mugura  34,  cloture  37,  gocciuron, 
spenzura  38,  appisuro  40,  nocciuro,  tomburon  41,  trotlura,  fig- 
nuro,  mignuro  42,  spiguro,  entragnuri  43,  broccuri,  moccuri 
53,  ballodure  55,  ventricuro  56,  rivendugliuro  63,  riboburo, 
frugiuron  Q6,  svocciura  76,  briciuro  81,  rossignuri  81. — Cf. 
Luc.  pentora,  bamboro,  bellicoro,  gallettoro,  etc. ; ! — Pis.  am- 
6itro,  aminduro,  Pecciori,  Montetoperi.2 

(d)  £  -f-  i  is  written  in  the  older  language  ft,  #/,  #/  (=  Zr), 
lgl(=l'),i. 

1.  li:z  jiliuolo  (Al.  3),  me/to  5,  consilio,  eonsilieri  10,  ciZia 
13,  asoctiliari  16,  similianza  19,  clionsiliare  21,  meraviliare  22, 
mofo'e  23,  batalia  64,filiola  (B.  80),  vermilio  (J.  24). 

2.  Hi : 3  filliuolo  (Al.  3),  mellio,  isveflia  7,  argollio,  selli  =  se 
-f-  e^/i  8,  consillio  10,  similliantemente  14,  bactallia  28,  agual- 
liare  59,  vermillio  (J.  24).  This  #£  was  not  pronounced  as  £' 
as  is  proved  by  the  modern  pronunciation  in  the  Pistojese 
mountains  :  travalli  (Gr.  P.  22),  fillio  67,  etc. 

*A  <?.,  Xn,  117.  *  Ibid.,  14:7 . 

3  The  writing  Zi  or  i7i  prevails  in  MSS.  of  the  middle  of  the  xiii  century. 
Cf.  Caix,  Origini,  137. 


60  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

3.  gl(—l'):  mogle  (B.  77),  glavesse,  glaltri  81,  meglo  83, 
fogla,  paglaio  (Gr.  P.  21),  travaglo,  glomini  22. 

4.  lgl(==l'):  volglendo  (B.  77),  melglo,  volglo,  valglano  82, 
jilgluoli  (MS.  283).1 

5.  i:  meV  melius  (^Z.  27). 

The  modern  language  has  also  11,  gli,j,jj> 

6.  II:  pattaraccio  paleft  +  ericms  (Gr.  P.  16). 

7.  <j$:  o^io  (Gr.  P.  43)  by  the  side  of  the  learned  olio. 

8.  J  :  tajare,  pijare  ( Gr.  P.  49). 

9.  jj:  mejjo  melius  (Gr.  P.  39).— Cf.  Sen.  II,  I  for  V: 2  filiuoli 
Crest.,  39,  mofte  mulier  40  ;  lulglo  37,  (e)  Igli,  algli,  dolglio,  sol- 
glio,  volglio  81-2,  melglio  163,  M^'o  165; — Luc.  tavolieri  B. 
Luc,  2d,filiuolo  46,  taliare  51;  ricolliera  11,  similliante  18, 
familliale  19,  filliuolo  23,  pilliare,  vattia  29,  famittia  40,  alli  = 
agli  48,  Lullio  58,  o^io  91,  pilliamento  100; — Pis.  jilio  Crest, 
166,  piliare  167;  m«ffw  79;  solglio  58,  melglio,  dolglio  59, 
dolgliensa  78; — Aret.  follia  Crest,  168,  toUiate  176;  volglia, 
dolglia  168,  orgolglia,  acolglia,  tolglia,  folglia  169,  solglio  172, 
^^/i  182  ; — Canzon.  ital.  de  K;  vollio,  dollienza,  milliore,  mera- 
villia,  Jcellie;  meglo,  voglo,  spogla,  vagla,  dogla ;  melgliore, 
melglio,  volglio,  maravilglia,  spolglia,  volglia,  dolglia  ;3 — Sicil. 
meglu,  figlu,  consiglu,  spogla,  famigla,  olgluS 

(e)  Z  +  i  >i  >  <7<7^*.s  For  the  J  stage  cf.  above,  §  40,  (d) 
8  tajare,  pijare  (Gr.  P.  49).  ##/«  is  a  modern  Pistojese 
development :  ammogghiato  (S.  23),  cigghio  5,  'ogghio  7,  ^Ai 
—  egli  11,  quegghi  25,  pagghia,  giunchigghia  29,figghiolo  43, 
pigghiare  45,  f ogghio  94,  mogghie  110,  figghia  148,  cordogghio 
151,  svegghiava  158,  magghioli  177,  mantigghia  195,  cogghi 
200,  metragghie  212,  figghio  245,  sbaigghiare  131,  tagghi  166, 
cavagghieri  (S.  and  C.  6),  egghino,  pigghia,  megghio  (C.  8), 
degghi,  deccogghi  =  ecco  -\-  gli  9,  consigghio   11,  a^Ai    13, 

*Cf.  .Mod.  _Lem0.  iVotes,  vol.  VIII,  No.  4,  cols.  219-12,  where  I  have  pub- 
lished MS.  283. 

2  Zs.,  IX,  553.  3  Caix,  Or^tm,  137. 

4Schneegans,  aSici/.  2)£aZ.,  134. 

6  Caix  gives  this  development.     Cf.  i)ia/.  d'ltal.,  133,  210. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  61 

dagghi  14,  fogghie  29,  spogghiassi  18,  sbadigghio  32,  bat- 
tagghia  35,  botigghia  36,  fogghiolino  38,  vigghiaccone  39,  we#- 
ghi  41,  cogghie  65,  toagghia  bwahlja  (O.  P.  48). — Cf.  Flor. 
chegghi,  fogghio,  'ogghi,  egghi,1  gghi,  (occhi),  egghino,  megghio,2 
scegghi,  cogghi;3 — Luc.  pagghia.4  I  +  i>  j  >  gghi  is  also 
met  with  in  many  southern  dialects  and  is  general  in  Sicilian;5 
Sicil.  pigghiu,  megghiu,  figghiu,  pigghia,  risvigghiu,  gigghia, 
cogghi.6 

2.    I  after  a  consonant. 

(a)  l>r. 

1.  (Lab.)  +  ?>  (lab.  +)r:  risprende  (Al.  5),  assempri  9, 
moltipricherano,  ubriaza  65,  obriare  68,  risprendiente  (Ap.  81), 
contempre  (Cino,  12),  apprica  (31.  6),  pubbricazioni  72,  sem- 
price  3,  n.,  ampre  20,  publico  74,  repricoe  (C.  9),  comprimenti 
19,  ubbrigato  28,  arreprica  29,  repubrica  (Gr.  P.  15),  esprica, 
affritto  48. 

2.  (Gutt.)  +  £  >  (gutt.)  +  r:  negrigenza  (if.  3,  n.),  cow- 
crusione  (S.  153),  concruda  (C.  44),  incrinazione  (Gr.  P.  16), 
'ncrinato  24. — Cf.  Flor.  obbrigato  Tancia,  933,  concrusion 
896,  incrinazione  949,  rifressione  C.  Son.,  28,  compricato  40, 
infruenze  49,  qfrizione  77,  concrude  92; — Sen.  afriggiare, 
affriziove,  affritto,  ampro,  assempro,  compressione,  contempra- 
zione,  discripina,  ob(b)rigare,  repricare,  semprice,  risprendaref 
supricare,  pubrico,  ripubrica;  concrudano,  negrigenzia; 7 — Pis. 
comprimento  C.  Son.,  49 ; — Canzon.  ital.  afritto,  obria,  obrianza, 
exempro,  dobbra;  nigrigenza  ;8 — Pad._pw6rico;9 — Guittone  has 
many  examples  of  this  /  >  r.10 

(b)  (r  -f)/  >  (r  -f )  //  is  a  special  old  Pistojese  characteristic. 
The  I  is  doubled  in  order  to  give  a  stronger  pronunciation  to 
the  r:  disporllo,  achiararllo  (Al.  3),  dirlla  6,  parlla  9,  parllare 

1  Uso,  206.  3  Caix,  Dial.  cPItal.,  133. 

*  Ibid.,  209.  M.  G.,  XII,  116. 

5  Caix  gives  this  development.     Cf.  Dial,  d'ltai,  133,  210. 

6  Schneegans,  Sicil.  Dial.,  134-5. 

7  Zs.,  IX,  552-3.  9  Wendriner,  Pad.  Mund.,  28. 

8  Caix,  Origini,  139.  10  Caix,  Origini,  141. 


62  J.    D-    BRUNER. 

11,  ritenerUo,  mutarllo  32,  esaminarllo  42,  compierlla  44,farllo 
45,  ssoferirlb  60,  regharlli  61,  usarllo  63,  corromperlla,  carllo 
66,  pregarlli  70,  perdertta,  rinovarlla  72,  wer^i  (i&cc,  1 6). — 
Cf.  Prov.  parllam  Bartsch,  Chrest.  Prov.,  1,  parllar  554. 

(c)  r  -f  V>gghil  in  modern  Pistojese.  This  phenomenon 
takes  place  only  when  the  personal  pronoun  gli  is  joined  to  the 
infinitive:  arrispondegghi  (C.  8),  mangiagghi  14,  auzzagghi 
19,  cucinagghi  20,  fagghi  22,  toccagghi  23,  badagghi  28,  por- 
tagghi  30,  dimandagghielo  33,  raccontagghielo  42,  leagghi  = 
levargli,  regalagghi  43. 

3.    Z  before  a  consonant. 

(a)  /  _j_  cons.  >  i  _)-  double  cons,  only  in  the  modern  lan- 
guage. By  the  law  of  least  action  the  friction  is  taken  off 
the  point  I  so  that  an  i  is  developed,  and  then  the  following 
consonant  is  doubled  by  compensatory  lengthening  :  coippo, 
cai'ddo,  gaiceina,  aittro  (S.  11),  aitto  39,  soiddcdo  140,  aittura, 
aittreltanto  (C.  49),  caizza,  caizzoni  60,goippe  =  volpe  75,  soiddo 
101,  Poiddo  (Gr.P.  46),faccoitta,  quaiccuno,  voitto. — Cf.  Flor. 
aimmeno  C.  Son.,  67,  faccoitta,  quaiccuna,  saitta,  aibbusiUis, 
aittro,  voissucho,  ,oitte  =  volte,  aivvostro;2  the  favorite  Floren- 
tine development,  however,  is  the  assimilation  of  the  I  to  the 
following  consonant  without  developing  an  i:  lorattri  C.  Son., 
11,  iedil  14,  soddi  16,  attrimentl  17,  attro  18,  soddlno  68  ;  also 
where  the  i  is  swallowed  up  in  the  i  of  the  article  :  iffatto  =  il 
fatto,  iggrillo,  diccanto,  ippresente,  ittempo,  ivvostro,  ipprimo, 
etc.  ;3 — Sen.  Vaiddarbia,4  taicche  C.  Son.,  7,  aimmanco,  aiz- 

zano  89. 

(b)  I  ( +  cons.)  >  n  ( +  cons.) :  'ntandi  =  un  +  tal  +  d%  (M. 
44)  by  assimilation  ;  antro  (G.  52),  antre  (M.  10),  voantre  97, 
noantri  and  lorantri  (S.  118)  get  their  n  from  the  indefinite 
article ;  aneipresso  (  Uso,  52). — Cf.  Flor.  manineonoso  Tancia, 

1  Cf.  Intervocalic  V >  gghi,  I  40,  (e).      3  Ibid.,  208  foil. 
*  Vso,  206  foil.  4  Zs.,  IX,  551 . 


THE   PHONOLOGY  OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  63 

946,  antro; — Sen.  apostono,  cononello;^ — Pis.  antro  C.  Son., 
20; — Tuscan  antro.2 

(c)  /(+  cons.)  >  r(-f-  cons.)  is  a  strong  Pistojese  charac- 
teristic. 

1.  By  assimilation:  vortare  (S.  22),  varzere  154,  Sorferino 
209,  Garibardi  228,  artri,  bardoria,  stravorto,  seportura  (C. 
8),  ortre  21,  isvorgere  42,  agricortura  {Gr.  P.  22),  artrimente, 
artare,  Sarvatore,  Orotirde. 

2.  By  dissimilation  :  svortoloni  (S.  114),  curtello  (S.  and  C. 
19),  tarquala  =  talquale  (C.  11),  svortala  13,  curtelluccio  15. 

3.  Other  cases  are:  morta  (S.  71),  uorfo  151,  carze  154, 
quarcheduno,  soy^dati  158,  sorc?o  172,  'nnarzata  210,  corpo 
225,  carzo,=  calzone,  bared'  (S.  and  C.  4),  forfo  5,  marfattore 
7,  J.rpe  (N.-N.  4),  vorte,  cuarc,=  qualche  (C.  8),  parmo  9, 
arto  =  alto,  gorpe  =  volpe,  sortanto  10,  vdrs'  11,  sarva,  arza 
13,  iscerta  =  scelta,  finarmente,  dimorti  17,  cardo  18,  quarcun 
19,  sciorto,  corpa,  sarta  21,  ascorto  23,  sartabecca  29,  euar- 
eosa  =  qualcosa  32,  sarvdtia  35,  torpe  (GV.  P.  15),  corfo  36, 
urtimo,  furmine,  pormone,  farso,  Rinardo,  marvagio,  civirta, 
civirmente,  facirmente,  inutirmente,  nobirmente,  sarvamente,  spe- 
ciarmente,  er,  ar,  der,  dar,  ner,  cor,  sur,  etc.  In  the  older 
language  there  is  one  example :  cavarcione  (J.  P.  8). — Cf. 
Pop.  Lat.  arvo,  arta,  Arbuciano,  murtiperas,  farsa,  carce- 
donius;3 — Flor.  quarche  C.  Son.,  10,  dimorto  11,  tarquale  12, 
'orta  =  volta,  mar  (di)  13,  civirta  26,  puree  31,  nobirmente  44, 
speciarmente  54,  urtimo  57,  sortanto  59,  sordati,  carzone  61, 
sorcfo  62,  convursioni  77,  sarvare,  artare  94,  pormone  95,  Oro- 
£irde  97 ; — Sen.  archimia,  artro,  carsolaro  (calsolajo),  er,  ar, 
cor,  der,  ner,  etc.,  finarmente,  insurtare,  morto  (multum),  pontu- 
armente,  quarcuno,  sarvamente,  sordo,  tarquale,  vorta,4  artronde 
C.  Son.,  3,  sortanto  14,  arfo  16,  sartato  21,  furmine  27,  quarche 
32,  (dar)  jjefto  34,  Leopordo  43,  ascorta  46,  sarye,  Sarvatore 
49,  carcfo  51,  arcuna  58,  Rinardo  60,  'nutirmente  88,  mercordi 

1  iiid.,  552.  3  Schuch.,  Fo&aZismus,  I,  138-9. 

*  Caix,  Diai.  d'lta/.,  116.  <Zs.,  IX,  551-2. 


64  J.    D.   BEU2STEE. 

91, purcijpormoni  104,  urtimo  109  ; — Luc.  "Oggi,  nel  contado, 
I  die  preceda  a  consouante  vien  di  regola  a  r:  antro,  cardo, 
sordo,  dor co  e  dorce,  farce  sareio  tarpa  corpo  arba  parmo  borso 
ecc.  I  documenti  non  offrono  di  questo  fatto  se  non  esempj 
sporadici :  nessuno  in  bdl.,  se  ho  ben  veduto ;  marvagio  pod. 
35,  fraterto  fratel  tuo  48,  parmo  inv.  85,  farsa  90  ; " 1 — Pis. 
carzolajo  Race,  279,  er  {coco)  281,  sarto,  morto  290;  "Preso 
la  plebe  della  citta  e  nel  contado,  I  seguito  da  consonante  vien 
di  regola  a  r.  *  *  *  Nei  documenti,  e  fenomeno  sporadico  : 
arbagio,  sarvamento,  carvellino,  Erba,  farda,2  er  (convurso)  C. 
Son.,  5,  quarche,  der  (tempo),  facirmente,  sur  (serio)  6,  ar 
(timone)  10,  vorte  11,  artronde  14,  armeno  18,  artro  22,  artare 
23,  sarta  24,  sortanto,  pormone  41,farso  45,  artero  49,  Pur- 
cinello  50,  Rinardo,  sartimbanchi  58,  virmente  79,  From  87; — 
Pad.  cortello,  Marchioro? 

Variant. 

l(+t)>U(+t)  only  in  colltello  (Al.  67). 

Apheresis. 

Initial  I  is  sometimes  suppressed  by  the  people,  believing  it 
to  be  the  I  of  the  article :  usinghe,  usinghevoli  (Al.  40),  abis 
lapis,  acero  (Gh\  P.  11),  ago  15,  astrico,  aberinto,  orolegio. — 
Cf.  Sen.  le  tanie  =  le  litanie,  attone,  ordura;4 — Luc.  tanie, 
ombrico,  astiaco,  abberinto,  ago,  abbro,  upo;5 — Tuscan  astraco, 
aberinto,  ombrico,  orbaco,  orolegio;6 — Mil.  apis,  astreg  =  las- 
trico,  ares,  usUl  (lucello-  o  luxello-?),  ornett,  utomia.7 

Prosthesis. 

I  of  the  article :  lusanza  (Al.  6),  lellora  hederft  (Gr.  P.  13), 
lavaro  16,  letichetta  17,  listesso  (C.  80),  listessamente. — Cf.  Sen. 
lampolla,  lape  (=  api ; 4 — Luc.  lamo,  lellora,  lapa  (=  ape),  londa, 

1  Pieri,  A.  G.,  XII,  118.  5  A.  G.,  XII,  125. 

2  Ibid.,  148.  6  Caix,  Dial,  d'ltal.,  107. 

3  Wendriner,  Pad.  Mund.,  28-9.  7  Salvioni,  Dial.  Mod.,  111. 
*Zs.,  IX,  551-2. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  65 

lacclua  =  acciuga ;  l — Pis.  llstesso,  lusuraio,  litterizia,  lamo,  lel- 
lera,  lacca  =  anca,2  listessa,  llstessamente  ;  3 — Mil.  lecco,  lovalta, 
loto  =  lottone,  lusurla.* 

Syncope. 

(a)  Intervocalic  I  is  syncopated  only  in  the  older  language : 5 
tal  (Al.  10),  chotai  23,  mai  25,  quai  71,  fedei  (Cino,  240). 

(6)  I  after  a  cons. :  semplce  (Al.  6),  slngozzo  sJngltittus  ( Gr. 
P.  14). 

(c)  I  before  a  cons. :  idio  (AL  43),  abergare,  mafattore  (M. 
4,  n.),  utimar  85,  puce,  pucino  ( Uso,  777),  utimo. — Cf.  Flor. 
mortal  Intell.,  20,  crudei  13,  utimo  C.  Son.,  95; — Sen.  bestial, 
cardenai,  carmal,  mal,  rival,  cache  (=  qualche),  mafattore, 
utimo;6 — Pis.  utlma  C.  Son.,  69; — Canzon.  ital.  mal,  leal, 
augel.7 

Metathesis. 

Reciprocal  metathesis  of  I  and  r :  palora  (S.  1 53),  Orollndo 
186,  grolla,  grolloso,  ballre. — Cf.  Flor.  palore  Tancla,  893, 
grolloso  946  ; — Sen.  grolla,  grolioso.6 


LL 

§  41.    Medial  ll. 

Intervocalic  ll. 

II  >  I:  alegare  (Al.  15),  quelo  22,  metalo  (Ap.  77),  aluminera 
95,  chastelo  (Rice,  34). 

Variants. 

(a)  ll  remains:  tollere  (J.  9),  glllia  argillft  (Gr.  P.  14). — 
Cf.  Canzon.  ital.  tollere.9 

(b)  //>  V:  cancegllerl  (Gr.  P.  10),  cavaglierl  (N.  90). 

1  A.  O.,  XII,  125.  3  Uso,  532-3. 

2Caix,  Dial,  d'llal.,  108.  4Salvioni,  Dial.  Mod.,  176. 

5Cf.  A.  O.,  IX,  98-9 ;  Grundriss,  I,  533,  \  78. 

6Zs.,  IX,  552.  *Zs.,  IX,  554. 

7Caix,  DiaZ.  cfitaJ.,  136.  9Caix,  Origini,  138. 

5 


66  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

R 

§  42.    Initial  r. 
Variants. 

(a)  r°>d:  disipola  erysipelas  (Gr.  P.  13). 

(b)  r  >  I :  leppicar  =  replieare  (M.  3). — Cf.  Flor.  liverenza 
Lam.  di  Cec,  33 ; — Sen.  lobrica  (rw&Hccr),  loveri  (robur).1 

§  43.    Medial  r. 
Intervocalic  r. 

(a)  r  >•  rr:  errano  (Ap.  5),  scriverro  17,  emtrerro  19,  erragu- 
natevi  83,  arredi  =  er&di  (M.  48),  c£mt&  (&  20),  temperrino  (  GV. 
P.  22),  barrile  23,  miserria  4:4,forro  47. — Cf.  Flor.  a  rrascione 
Crest.,  \§,perrispese  26 ; — Pis.  diri^b  23 ; — Sen.  amerrb,temerrb, 
sentirrb,  entrarrdL,  etc.2 

(b)  r^>l:  volgale  (Al.  53)  and  famigliali  (J.  11)  by  assimi- 
lation, dilettrice  (Gr.  P.  10)  and  tortale  turtiirSm  15  by  dissimi- 
lation, isvaliato  (Al.  54),  cilimoniere  (M.  75),  valicosa  (Gr.  P. 
25),  galantisco  34. — Cf.  Flor.  cilimonie  Tancia,  899 ; — Sen. 
celabro,  matiscalco;3 — Luc.  Quilico;* — Pis.  Quilico,  Catalina, 
ingiidia.5 

Variants. 

(a)  r  remains  :  parochia  (Gr.  P.  44). 

(b)  r^>d:  contradio  (Al.  15). — Cf.  Flor.  contradio  Tancia, 
885; — A  ret.  contradio  Crest.,  178. 

(c)  ry>tt:  otta,  allotta  (C.  II).6 — Cf.  Flor.  otta  Nencia,  1. 

(d)  r  +  i  >  I':  gennaglio  (M.  8),  etc.     Cf.  §  1,  (a)  6. 

2.    r  after  a  consonant. 
Variants. 

(a)  (n  -\-)r  >  (n  -{-)rr:  conrrompe  (Al.  57). 

(b)  (p  +)  r  >(j9  +)  I :   empftci  (O.  P.  17). 

1  Zs.,  IX,  553.  3  /fczd,  426.  5  Ibid.,  148. 

*  Ibid.,  426.  4  A  G.,  XII,  118.      6  Cf.  Grundriss,  I,  535,  g  89. 


THE    PHONOLOGY    OF   THE    PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  67 

3.    r  before  a  consonant. 

(a)  r(+  cons.)  >  /(+  cons.) :  volgalmente  (Al.  58)  by  assimi- 
lation, afbitrio  (J.  11,  n.)  by  dissimilation,  saldine  (Gr.  P.  10), 
falsa  fsSrsa'  15,  appaltamento  16,  polche  17,  alter i a  25. — Cf. 
Pop.  Lat.  alteriae,  Foltnnatae,  felvente} — The  phenomenon  r 
(-f-  cons.)  >  l(-\-  cons.),  which  is  rare  in  Pistojese,  Lucchese, 
and  Florentine,  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  Senese,  and  is  the 
rule  in  Pisano. — Sen.  alchetto,  alco,  Peltrando,  riselvare,  albitro, 
dlbo?-o,2  bilialdo,  paltire  C.  Son.,  85,  ritolno,  Livolno,  giolno, 
impolta,  86  ; — Pis.  "  Presso  la  plebe  della  citta  e  in  parte  del 
contado,  r  seguito  da  consonante  oggi  vien  di  regola  a  I:  calta, 
polta,  porta,  peldere,  soldo,  sordo,  pglco,  melcato  e  melee,  spal- 
gere,  corpo  corpo,  elba  felmo  velso  ecc.  Nessun  indizio  di  cio 
nostri  testi," 3  attravelso  C.  Son.,  5,  Foltunato  6,  pelche",  folnelli, 
calbone  9,  tolno  13,  Tolquato  14,  convelsazione,  paltita,  pelsone 
19,  Govelno,  melcato  24,  Lungalno,  diveltimento  25,  discolsi  26, 
giolnale  27,  dicelto  28,  pelsiane  29,  Velginio  30,  celca  31,  giol- 
nata  33,  solgente  37,  dolme,  gualdia  38,  foltuna  42,  felmo, 
giolno,  folno,  tolmenti  43,  selpente  46,  alchitetto  49,  velgine, 
Elnesto  51,  ielsera  53,  celvello  56,  pelmesso  62,  Maltino  63, 
pelso,  osselvazione  65,  Vennaldi  66,  etc. 

(b)  In  modern  Pistojese  the  r  of  the  infinitive  is  frequently 
assimilated  to  the  initial  consonant  of  the  personal  or  reflexive 
pronoun  that  is  joined  to  it. 

1.  r  -f-  c  >  cc:  Sssecci  (C.  8),  riedicci  10,  salicci  17,  rimet- 
teoci  23,  rappresentacci  (Son.  Pop.,  61). 

2.  r  +  l^>ll:  sbeffallo  (0.  8),  vedello  9,  addentalla,  riaella, 
ingrassalle,  campalle,  esfortolallo  14,  ricercallo  16,  mangiallo 
17,  potello  18,  agguantallo  19,  acchiappallo  20,  menallo  21, 
ritirallo,  troallo  23,  aspettallo,  tambussallo  24,  rafreddalla  25, 
marimettalla  26,  brancicalla,  rimedialla  37,  rivestilla  40,  am- 
mazzallo  (S.  175),  arrivedello  (Gr.  P.  17),  ricompensallo  (Son. 
Pop.,  19). 

1  Schuch.,  Foioiismws,  I,  137.  3  /fct'tf.,  148. 

2Zs.,  IX,  553. 


68  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

3.  r  +  m  >  mm:  ingrassammi  ( C.  11),  pigghiammi  20,  mow- 
giammela  26,  sbatacchiammi  29,  levammi  (S.  187),  battemmi  219, 
vedemmi,  sentimmi  (Son.  Pop.,  29). 

4j  r  -f-  s  >  ss:  smoessi,  pigghiassi  (C.  12),  spassionassi  13, 
cercassi  14,  dilontanassi,  essessi,  caricassi'  15,  seniissi  18, 
restassene  20,  spiegassi  21,  portasselo  22,  misurassi,  lamentassi 
24,  andassene  25,  posassi  26,  apprissi,  serrassi  29,  arrampi- 
cassi  31,  persuadessi,  caassi,  stucassi  32,  mcttessi  42,  fermassi 
(Son.  Pop.,  45). 

5.  r  +  i>^:  mettettl  (0.  8),  mangiatti  10,  pappatti  11, 
cucinatti  15,  ingrassatti  17 ,  pigghiatti  18,  contentatti  21. — Cf. 
Flor.  d?7/o  O.  Son.,  5,  troallo  10,  guarillo  27,  dimenallo  36, 
offendilla  52;  spiegammi  31,  dammi  36,  rimpiceiammi,  chie- 
dimmi  43 ;  riposassi,  tappassi,  sfrapazzassi  25,  fermassi  58 ; 
portatti  IS,  fcdti,  essetti,  amatti  14,  vedetti,  stalti,  recitatti  43; — 
Sen.  da/ft',  e/^Y/a,  /a/fo,  lavorallo,  murallo,  portaUo,  mantenello, 
vedello,1  avello  C.  Son.,  4,  chiamallo  82;  rimediacci  11,  aveccd 
54  ;  rifammi  35,  fammi  53  ;  cZi^i  5  : — Pis.  stiafallo,  rispettallo 
C  Son.,  31,  martrattallo  77,  vedello  95  ;  pensacci  78  ;  selbammi 
95;  godessi  8,  strapazzassi,  sbaglassi  21,  trovassi  41,guadag- 
nassi  58,  levassi  70,  scardassi  74,  buscassi  83. 

Prosthesis. 

ritropico  =  idropico  (31.  8),  rarrabatai  48,  (Signor)  Rispet- 
tore(Gr.P.  10). 

Syncope. 

1.  r  after  a  consonant:  contastare  =  contrastare  (J.  5)  by 
assimilation,  propio  (C  8),  cZrefo  de  -f-  rStro  (ili.  52)  by  dis- 
similation, castica  =  gastrica  (Gr.  P.  25). 

2.  r  before  a  consonant:  convisatione  (Al.  38), fotezc  (Rice, 
10),  maciolo  rnarcnm  +  (Crr.  P.  25). —  Cf.  Flor.  drrfo  Tancia, 
901, propio  Lam.  di  Cec,  14  ; — Sen.  drieto,  detro;2 — Pis.  drefo 
(7.  /Sow.,  102. 

1  Zs.,  IX,  428.  *  Jiid.,  554. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  69 

Epenthesis. 

1.  Intervocalic  r :  coresta  =  codesta. 

2.  r  after  a  consonant. 

(a)  after  a  labial:  prungitopoli,  frusto  fustis  (Gr.  P.  13), 
prugne  37. 

(b)  after  a  dental :  drotrina  (Al.  29)  by  assimilation,  mas- 
tricare  31,  listra  (Gr.  P.  16),  mantrice  17. 

3.  r  before  a  consonant :  mandorlino  (Gr.  P.  11),  aermaria 

41. — Cf.  Flor.  coresto  Lam.  di  Cec,  11,  attronito  13,  concu- 

brina  Tanoia,   929,  mandorlino  C.  Son.,  33,  aliustre  Race, 

282 ; — Sen.  Prietro  Crest.,  40,  caprestro;  l — Luc.  bruscola,frin- 

estra,  vespre ;  2 — Pis.  bruscola,  calubrinieri,  troccolo  =  tocco,3 

aliustre  Race,  283. 

Metathesis. 

vemeddX  (31.  17),  frebbe,  preta  17,  n.,  sberno  43,  drento  47, 
presempio  57,  scropiti  (C.  9),  Preto. — Cf.  Flor.  drento  Tancia, 
895,  Preto  905,  vreto  930,  frebbe  948,p'eto  Lam.  di  Cec,  17; — 
Sen.  catredale,  drento, frabicare, frebbe,  Grabiello,persente  (prae- 
sentem),  prefeto  (perfectum),  vreto  ;  l — Luc.  jpresempio  ;  4 — Pis. 
treato,  Penestra.5 

For  the  reciprocal  metathesis  of  I  and  r  cf.  §  40,  Metathesis. 

RR 

§  44.    Medial  he. 

Intervocalic  rr  >  r :  tera  (Al.  11),  nararo,  guera  21,  terena 
33,  coruccio  68,  discoro  (8.  49),  gueriera  1 27,  arosto  (8.  and  (7. 
13), /ero  (0.  24),  jpori  porrum  (6rr.  P.  13),  emorogia  haimor- 
hagia  16,  guera  21,  soccoriamo  23,  ricore  44,  erore,  corezione 
46,  carozza,  caro  47,  afferare,  accorer  67. — Cf.  Luc.  tera,  faro, 
tore,  corere,  fero,  caro,  guera,  teritorio ; 6 — Pis.  tore,  fera,  soc- 
corere,  coreggiere.3 

1  Ibid.,  554.  *  A.  G.,  XII,  125. 

8  AG.,  XII,  118.  bIbid.,  153. 

3J6id.,  148.  M.  G.,  XII,  118. 


70  J.    P.    BRUNER. 

E.    NASALS. 
M 

§  45.    Medial  m. 
1.    Intervocalic  m. 

(a)  m  remains  :  dlmi  (Al.  27),  bestemla  (Ap.  69),femina  73, 
solevomi  91,  mostromi  95. — Cf.  Sen.  fumo  Crest.,  163; — Luc. 
femina  B.  Luc,  49  ; — Canzon.  ital.  femina.1 

(b)  m  >  mm :  amme,  damme  =  da  +  me  (Ap.  17),  cliemmi 
43,  consummate  (8.  17),  fummare  137,  cammerieri  (N.  162), 
stommaco  (Gr.  P.  12),  ammente  13,  camummilla  chaimaf melon 
16,fummo  17,  ammodo  32,  (cZi)  'mmondo  50,  cammera,  nimm,o. 
— Cf.  Sen.  comme;2 — Luc.  nimmo,  cocommalo,  cammera,  sem- 
mola,  presumma,  insiemme,  chiamma,  primma;3 — Pis.  commo, 
cammera,  presummere,  fummare ;  * — Aret.  che  mme  Crest.,  171. 

Variaut. 
m  >  n:  lagrunare  (Al.  62). 

2.    m  before  a  consonant. 

(a)  m(-{-n).  1.  remains:  omnipotente  (Ap.  5) ;  2.  becomes 
«/  (written  ngn):  ongni  (J.  18),  ongniuno  (Ap.  99);  3.  be- 
comes r(+n).'  auturno  (M.  19),  sciorni  ex  +  sSmntim  72; 
4.  becomes  s(4-  w):  smenso  (N.  115)  by  assimilation. 

(b)  m(+  lab.)  >  n(-\-  lab.)  by  dissimilation  :  senpice  (Al. 
6),  tenporale  61,  tenperare  72,  inparare  76,  inprima  (B.  77), 
fampe  (-4p«  19),  anpolle  23,  canpo,  senpre  (Gr.  P.  20),  Lanberto, 
banbina,  tenpeste,  conpratore  2 1 ,  tenperino  22,  dinpero  =  de  + 
impero  23,  conposto  24,  onbrelli  43,  canbialo  66,  ronpetto, 
ganba  67,  'nvecille  (C.  8),  tewpo. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  Decenbres, 
Novenbres,  senper,  ponpae;5 — Sen.  anbasciadore,  anbo,  ban- 
bino,  canbiare,  decenbre,  ganba,  menbro,  canpana,  canpo,  sen- 

1  Caix,  Ori^n?,  142.  2  Zs.,  IX,  558.  3 ,4.  <?.,  XII,  120. 

4  ifti'd,  150.  5  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  108. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF  THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  71 

pro,  tenpo;  l — Pis.  senblansa  Crest,  78  ; — Aret.  menbranca  63, 
conperagione  169,  conpiuto,  conpimento,  senbrate,  senpre  170, 
tenpestoso  171,  enpone  174,  menbra  177,  tenpo  178,  scanpare 
179,  canpana  181,  conpagnia  182; — Canzon.  ital.  tenpo,  sen- 
pre, inpero,  canpana,  menbre,  scanpar,  conpimento,  onbra, 
tenpestoso;2 — in  old  Tuscan  texts:  onbria  IntelL,  6,  insenbre 
17,  assenbiamento  19;  B.  d' Ant.  tenpo,  inper adore  Zs.  XV, 
55,  conpagnia  56,  canpana  57,  inprometto,  canpare  62,  Lon- 

bardia,  scanpare  63. 

Syncope. 

Before  n:  danegiare  (Al.  37),  dona  50,  onipotente  (Ap.  21), 
that  is  run  >  nn  by  assimilation  and  then  n  by  reduction. — 
Cf.  Aret.  onipotente  Q-est.,  170. 

MM 

§  46.     Medial  mm. 

Intervocalic  mm  >  m  by  reduction  :  somo  summum  (AL  8), 

somitade  31,  somaria  (J.  5),  amiratione  (Al.  1V),goma  gumma 

(Gr.P.  11). 

Variant. 

mm  >  rm :  gatlomarmione  (M.  26). 

N 

§  47.    Initial  n. 

n  >  n':  gniochi  niiclgum  ( Gr.  P.  43),  gnente  nee  +  6ut6m 
(&  46) ;  that  is  the  dental  becomes  palatal  according  to  the 
law  of  least  action,  for  gnente  =  one  action  and  niente  =  two 
actions ;  for  the  same  reason  ne'e  -f  untim  >  gnun,  niv6m  > 
gneve. — Cf.  Flor.  gnun  Nencia  13; — Sen.pergnente  Race,  283, 
gneve; 3 — Luc.  gnucca  nuca ; 4 — Pis.  gnucca; 5 — Tuscan  gneve, 
gnucca,  gnente;6 — Rom.  gnuca,  ggnente;6 — Venet.  gnente.6 

lZs.,  IX,  558.  *A.  G.,  XII,  120. 

2  Caix,  Origini,  146.  6  Ibid.,  150. 

3  Romania,  XVIII,  603.  6  Caix,  Dial,  tfltal.,  132,  208. 


72  j.  d.  brunee. 

§  48.    Medial  n. 
1.    Intervocalic  n. 

(a)  n  remains :  inanzi  (Al.  6),  genaio  {Rice,  2),  maganzino 
Arab,  machsan  (Gr.  P.  1). 

(b)  n^>  nn:  gennerale  (Al.  3),  dinnegare  6,  ingennera  7, 
genneratione  8,  nonnavere  (Ap.  9),  nonne  71,  ennuda  73,  non- 
neso  83,  annulare  (Gr.  P.  13),  'wn-n  aete  (6'.  75),  'un-n  §  155. — 
Cf.  Flor.  si  nno  Crest.,  23; — Sen.  inn  ima  37  ; — Pis.  gennero, 
cannapo,  gennerale,  tennesse,  vennisse,  tenne,  venne; 1 — Aret.  tra 
nnoi  170,  inn  esta  172,  sennato  173. 

(c)  n  +  i  is  written  variously  as  its  correlative  I  -\-  £;  ni  is 
correlative  to  li,  nni  to  Hi,  gn  (nf)  to  gl  (U),  gni  (nr)  to  gli  (I'), 
ngn  (nf)  to  Igl  (lr),  and  w^m  (n')  to  Igli  (l'). 

1.  ra:  miniatte  (Gr.  P.  43). 

2.  nni:  sinniore  (Gr.  P.  20),  punniale  21. 

3.  #n:  calugna  =  old  Italian  calogna  ciUumnEi  (GV.  P. 
19),  vegno,  tegno. 

4.  /7m:  bisognia  (Ap.  3),  abibisognio  17,  signiore  (Gr.  P. 
22),  ingiegnio  20,  compagnio  66. 

5.  n<7?i  in  old  Pistojese :  tengnano  (B.  82),  singnore  10, 
vengnono  (J.  14),  ritengnano  19,  assengnato  23,  and  the 
modern  compangni  (Gr.  P.  22). 

6.  n^m  only  in  the  older  language :  vingnia  vinga"  (^4p. 
61),  bangniata,  singniore. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  regnio,  signium;2 — 
Prat,  tengno  Or  est.,  94; — Sen.  singnoria  40,  chonpangni  161  ; 
signiore  161;  conpangnia  162; — Pis.  sengnor,  sengnoria  59, 
sengnoraggio  79;  vegna  166; — Aret.  sengnoragio  64,  sen</- 
non'a  168,  sengnor  171,  Bolognia  176; — Canzon.  ital.  seng- 
nor 0*7  io,  sengnoria,  vengno;  tegno,  vegno.3 

Variants, 
(a)   w  >  n'.*  pezzalagna  (M.  40). 

1  J6id,  150.  3  Caix,  Origini,  148-9. 

2Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  116. 


THE    PHONOLOGY    OF   THE    PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  73 

(b)  n  >  I  by  dissimilation  :  molimento  (Al.  79)  perhaps  in- 
fluenced by  moles,  malucano  (S.  14),  consolante  (Gr.  P.  13). — 
Cf.  Sen.  calonaco.1 

(c)  n  >  r :  marimette'  (C.  9). 

2.  ft  after  a  consonant. 

gn  >  n'  (written  gn,  gni,  ngn,  ngni.    Cf.  n  -\-  i  >  n'). 

1.  gn:  'gnualo  Ignudiim  (C.  18),'gnudassi  19. 

2.  o-fti:  regnio  (Al.  5),  indegnatione  (Ap.  69),  legnio  (Gr. 
P.  20),  legniame  26. 

3.  ft<?ft:  ingnude  (AL  68),  sengnare  (J.  4). 

4.  ngni:  rengnio  (Ap.  5),  insengniare  11,  dengni  15,  sm?- 
ftiafe  41,  angnielo  57,  sengnio,  mangnifichera  63,  slangnio, 
rengniarono  85. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  congnatus,  ingnes,  singno  ;2 — 
Sen.  lengna  Crest.,  37,  Angnelone  117 ; — Pis.  congnosciuto  167 ; 
— Aret.  degnia  170,  benignio  175,  regniando  176,  pegnio  178, 
pugniando  183;  sdengni,  dengno  169,  lengno,  pungnare  173, 
ingnoranza  174; — Canzon.  ital.  segnio;  dengno,  sengnare} 

3.  w  before  a  consonant. 

(a)  n  (+  lab.)  remains  in  the  prefixes  m  and  cow  in  old 
Pistojese. 

1.  m:  inpercioche  (Al.  7),  inpedimento,  inpedisca  14,  inposto, 
inportuno  15,  inpossevile  16,  inmantenente  22,  inpara  30,  m- 
prende  44,  inperadore  53,  inparaule  (J.  1 6). 

2.  con:  conposta  (Al.  15),  conpresa  16,  conbacteno  53, 
conrronpe  57. — Cf.  Sen.  inbarbagliato,  'nbrattato,  inpegnare, 
inperiale,  'npicca.re,  inpregnare;  enpazzare,  enpedimento,  enper- 
cib,  enpiegare.* 

(b)  ft  +  #  >•  n'.*  divegna  (Al.  9),  vagnelo  ev  -4-  avye\tov, 
pertegna  12,  pognasi  59,  piagnere  (N.  89),  ugnerlo  115. 

(c)  ft  -j-  /  >  #  by  assimilation  in  cow  -f  a  personal  pronoun 
in  old  Pistojese :  cholloro  (Ap.  11),  coZfoti  19,  co^ei  75. 

1  Zs.,  IX,  557.  3  Caix,  Orient,  148-9. 

•Schuch.,  Fo/toZ/smus,  I,  114.  4Zs.,  IX,  539,  555. 


IVES 


74  J.   I>.    BRUNER. 

(d)   n(  +  cons.)  >  m(+  cons.)  in  old  Pistojese. 

1.  Before  labials  by  assimilation  ;  'mframectere  (Al.  3),  8am- 
paulo  4,  lamfrancho  16,  urn  (proverbio)  38,  Sampietro  52,  gram 
(parentadi)  61,  dom  (francesco)  81,  chomforta,  chomfessoro  (Ap. 
15),  comfusione  17,  rcom  (finavano)  21,  #ram  (fornacie)  37. 

2.  Before  dentals  by  dissimilation  :  temto^  (^p.  9),  pera^Ve 
13,  nom  (truovo)  15,  emtrerrb  19,  vemtriquattro  21,  assemtio  35, 
vemfre,  dmfro  43,  onipotemte  63,  c/iom  (tecAo)  81,  ardemte  91, 
chomtaminata  95;  remdette  Z,gramde,  chamdellieri  5,  risplemde 
7,  gramdissima  13,  ripremdo  17,  nascomdeteci  29,  Rubem  (d-) 
31,  gramdine  35,  remdere,  vemdichare  47,  amdera  71,  disciem- 
deva  89,  rispremdiente  93. 

3.  Before  a  sibilant:  comsiglib  (Ap.  11),  cAom  (se#e)  21, 
inciemsi  33,  worn  (se)  57,  nom  (si«)  67,  schomsolata  11 ;  dinamzi 
3,  penitemzia  9,  potemza  39,  semsa  57. 

4.  Before  gutturals :  adomqua  (Al.  3),  imcontrario  7,  cim- 
gue  39,  sa?n  (giovanni)  B.  78,  temghono  (Ap.  11),  com  (gramde) 
21 ;  'mgiura  (Al.  53),  primcipe  (Ap.  3),  primcipio  5,  amcAe  9, 
#ram  (cittade)  11,  amglelo  15,  cAom  (gregarli)  67. 

5.  Before  a  liquid  :  sam  (lorenzo)  B.  79.— Cf.  Pop.  Lat. 
tamtam,  duocemlum,  cessamte,  Palamtino,  quamtum,  sentemtiam, 
volumtas,  fervemte,  umde;  optumsi,  demsis;  quincumque,  avom- 
culus,  tamgentium,  umguentum;1 — Prat,  comquisa  Crest.,  94, 
#ram  (6ewe),  nom  (possa),  im  (/oco)  95; — Sen.  comferemte,  sam 
(p),  ahum  (modo),  aleum  (fratre);  Amtonio,  dipemtore,  novamta, 
quamto,  rimcomtro,  aliomgo,  aroamgelo;  osservamzia,  quittam- 
z(i)a,  nom  (pajono);2  nom  (so),  pemsleri  Crest.,  81  ; — Aret.  tm 
(buona)  169,  comquiso  182;— Canzon.  ital.  nom poria,  im  parte, 
gram  bene,  imf rondo,  comforto;  pemsar,  comsento.3 

Variant. 
n  _|_  y.  >  r>-;  marritta  (Gr.  P.  15)  by  assimilation. 

1  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  75,  109. 

»Zs.,  IX,  556. 

3  Caix,  Origini,  150. 


THE    PHONOLOGY    OF   THE   PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  75 

Prosthesis. 

n  of  the  preposition  in:1  nentrare  {C.  21),  ninferno,  nabisso; 
n  of  the  adverb  ne:'2  nusciamo  (C.  9),  nesce  15,  nescita  {8. 
84)  and  probably  nempara  =  irnpara  { Gr.  P.  25). — Cf.  Flor. 
nescire  Lam.  di  Gee.,  10; — Sen.  ninferno;3 — Luc.  nentrare,  nis- 
cire;* — Pis.  nentrare,  nuseire.5 

Syncope. 

(a)  Intervocalic  n:  8a  iacopo  (At.  35),  no'  abbia,  no'  ostante 
(J.  29)  are  also  modern  Pistojese. 

(b)  n  before  a  cons,  only  in  old  Pistojese  :  comendando  and 
comesso  (Al.  22)  by  reduction,  go'  (loro)  39,  ubriaza  =  oblianza 
65. — The  n  of  the  preposition  con(+  cons.)  falls  occasionally 
in  Pop.  Latin  :  cofisse,  coiectis,  covenimus.6 

Epenthesis. 

Before  a  cons. :  Banbilonia  (Ap.  59),  andonque  53  and 
angonia  (M.  12)  by  assimilation,  schiansimo  =  spasimo  (M. 
5),  rinchiesta  (J.  8),  stencurito  =  steccolito  (if.  4(3). — Cf.  the 
Pop.  Lat.  which  inserts  n  after  long  vowels  before  s,  and  after 
both  short  and  long  vowels  before  other  consonants,  than  s: 
Allans,  diens,  Cheronensi,  Kerens,  Indigens,  disponsuit;  candi, 
recendens,  cendentes,  frenquens,  congnato,  tringinta,  vinginta, 
sinbi;7 — Sen.  ancadere,  anconciare,  parangone,  rinchiedare, 
sineondo,  enscire.6 

NN 

§  49.    Medial  nn. 

Intervocalic  nn  >  n  by  reduction :  anonziano  {Al.  12), 
anonziamente  16,  inocenzo  32,  cinamomo  Kivi'd/xo/xov  {Ap.  77). 

1  Caix,  Origini,  150.  5  Ibid.,  153. 

2  Meyer-Liibke,  Ital.  Gram.,  \  196.        6Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  107. 

3  Zs.,  IX,  555.  7  Ibid.,  112-14. 

*  A.  G.,  XII,  125.  8  Zs.,  IX,  445,  455. 


76  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

F.    GUTTURALS. 

PALATAL  C. 

§  50.    Initial  c'. 

Variants. 

(a)  c/>  c(h)  =  ¥:  chelano  (Al.  46),  checco  46,  n. 

(b)  c'^>t:  tin  caglieria  =  chincagliera  (Gr.  P.  12). 

§  51.    Medial  c'. 

1.    Intervocalic  c' . 

cr>  c'  (s)  is  a  strong  modern  Pistojese  and  Florentine  char- 
acteristic :  (a)  cinque,  (e)  cento,  dice,  dicea,  coce,  cocea,  face, 
facea,  (ma)  cietta,  cueire,  cucina,  (la)  celia,  (doppo)  cena,  (la) 
ci,  diacere,  piace,  piacere,  giudice,  diece,  undid,  dodici,  (che) 
cerchi,  (una)  cestina,  bocina,  'nvecille,  (di)  certo,  vicino,  (poero) 
ceco,  facile,  difficile,  porticina,  decidere,  (la)  citta,  macina,  (di) 
celo,  (a)  cervello,fece,  piacimento,  capace,  voce,  noce,  croce,foce, 
luce,  etc. ;  secondary  c'  in  camicia,  bruciare. — Cf.  Sen.  c  >  sc 
(sf) :  crosce,  dodisci,  drusciolare,  vosce.1 

Variants. 

(a)  c'>  ch  (=  k') :  rnendichitade  (Al.  62),  chiachierone  (Gr. 
P.  20). 

(b)  c'>  gh(g'):  poghissime  (31.  89). 

(c)  c' ' -\-  i>  cc  (Jck) :  noccuolo,  becchacca  (Gr.  P.  21). — Cf. 
Sen.  bracca,  dicotto,  fanculla.1 

(d)  c'+  i  >  zzi:  sarifizzi  (Gr.  P.  22). 

2.    c'  after  a  consonant. 

Variants, 
(a)    l(-\-  c')  >  l(-\-  z) :  calzone. 

1  Ibid.,  564. 


THE    PHONOLOGY    OF    THE    PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  77 

(b)  (r  +)</>  1.  (r  +)c;  barcetta  (Gr.  P.  21);  2.  (r  +)*; 
artibugi  (M.  33). 

(c)  (s  -f)  c'>  sci  (s"):  mascile  (Gr.  P.  20). 

(d)  (n)  -f-  «  +  g  >  (^  +)#&  (#0  •'  giangie  O.  H.  G.  wankja 
(Gr.  P.  14)  by  assimilation. 

(e)  (s  +)  c'-f-  v  >  sci  (s  )  ••  pescio  ( 6rr.  P.  11). 

VELAR  C. 

§  52.    Medial  c. 

1.    Intervocalic  c. 

(a)  c  remains :  piacuto  (Al.  20),  sicome  (Ap.  65),  sfiammi- 
cante  (C.  11). 

(b)  c  >  cc  (kk) :  perlccolo  (Al.  43),  accolui  (Ap.  9),  accoloro 
35,  ctccavallo  S'3,giuccate  (N.  27),  acciw  (6r?\  P.  40),  articcolo, 
domicciliato  Son.  Pop.,  39. — Cf.  Pis.  Pocco,  articcolo  C.  /Sen., 
59; — Aret.  a  ccomune  Crest.,  176,  a  ccui  179. 

(c)  c  >  c/i  in  old  Pistojese.1  Traces  of  this  open  consonant 
ch  are  still  found  in  the  Pistojese  mountains.  Ciampi 2  says  : 
"  L'aspirazione  dopo  la  lettera  c  accanto  alle  vocali  a,  e,  o,  u, 
e  proprio  della  pronunzia  toscana,  e  specialmente  fiorentina. 
In  que'  principj  della  scrittura  volgare  seguitavasi  servilmente 
il  suono  che  ne  udia  l'orecchio,  percio  in  questo  codice  6  quasi 
sempre  Yh  dopo  la  c  unita  a  quelle  vocali.  L'orecchio  e  certa- 
mente  stato  sempre  la  guida  principale  nella  scrittura ;  ed  ha 
prevalso  di  sovente  alle  regole  grammaticale." 

Examples  in  old  Pistojese  :  (si)  chome,  (a)  chui,  (di)  chas- 
cione,  (mio)  charissimo,  (che)  chanti,  (percuote)  choW,  (quella) 
chosa,  (e)  chod  (AL  3),  pechato,  (e)  chato,  senocha,  (uomo) 
churiciato,  amicho  4,  (de)  chonsolare,  bocha  7,  (di)  choloro, 
nemicho  8,  (puote)  champare,  (buoni)  chostumi  9,  siehura,  dicho, 
fuocho,  (morire)  cho,  anticho  10,  (chi)  chastiga,  (quasi)  chani 

1  Cf.  my  article,  "Manuscripts  in  the  Pistojese  Dialect,"  Mod.  Lang.  Notes, 
vol.  VIII,  No.  4,  cols.  213-14. 
*Albertano  da  Brescia,  89. 


78  J.    D.   BRUNER. 

11,  achatta,  sechondo  12,  (gudico)  cholui,  (la)  chonvenevile,  (la) 
chupiditd,  14,  (del)  chomendare,  (apresso)  chonfortare,  (la)  chon- 
fortazione  15,  echo,  (tua)  chugnata,  (lo)  chaso,  (b)  churato  16, 
medicho,  richo,  (la)  chasa  19,  etc.,  (viene)  cholli,  (e)  choloro, 
domenicha,  (sette)  chamdellieri,  (li)  chapclli,  focho  (Ap.  5), 
(usciva)  choltello,  secholi  7,  etc.,  etc. 

Examples  in  modern  Pistojese :  (di)  chamica,  (la)  cholpa, 
(dalla)  chulla  (Gr.  P.  20),  amicho  21,  trappocho  25,  (de)  chas- 
telli,  (vacca)  cholla  43,  nemicho. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  sechundo,  locho, 
monachicho  ; 1 — Sen.  (la)  chasa,  (nei)  chalcari,  rachonciatura 
Crest,  36,  (e)  charta,  37,  richolse  domichato,  (che)  choriva  38, 
(la)  chonpagva,  domenicha  39,  (a)  chui  82,  jachomo,  Cacia- 
chonti,  sichuri  161,  sichome,  (avemo)  chostumato,  (e)  chosl, 
rachondati,  (a)  chagione,  (avemo)  chon  162,  prochuratore,  (ne) 
chapo,  achordo,  (da)  chorte,  (e)  chavalchate,  achatata,  (neuna) 
chosa,  tochase  163,  etc. ; — Aret.  (e)  chasa  175,  pocho  176,  dicho, 
anticha,  (che)  chapitale,  giocho  178. 

(d)  c  >  g :  pogo  (M.  37),  jigo,  sego,  amigo,  aguto,  siguranza 
10,  n.,  (che)  gosta,  seguzione  84,  asseguro  107,  (-o)  gattivo. 

Many  words  which  in  Italian  are  exceptions  to  the  rule 
that  voiceless  cons.  —  >  voiced,  follow  the  rule  in  Pistojese, 
e.  g.  segondo,  savere,  tregento,  etc. — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  segundo, 
plagat,  logationis;2 — Flor.  (paese)  gastigar  Tancia,  930; — 
Sen.  aguto,  Jabriga,  fatiga,  logagione,  loriga,  vagazlone,3 gativi 
Crest.,  165 ; — Luc.  segura  scure,  seguro,  segondo,  fogaccia, 
pogo,  miga,  sbigorare,  regare,  giuogo ; i — Pis.  siguro,  segondo, 
pogo,  oga,  duga,  stadigo; — Aret.  pogo  Crest.,  64; — Canzon. 
ital.  siguro,  poga,  asigura,  segondo.5 

(e)  c^>gh:  in  old  Pistojese:  luogho  (Al.  7),  pogho  14, 
pregho  33,  (-e)  ghostantino  72,  draghone  (Ap.  49),  (quattro) 
ghomiti  ctibitum  93,  and  modern  botteghaio  ap5thecariurn  ( Gr. 
P.  21). — Cf.  Aret.  preghar  Crest.,  169,  pogho  176,  negho  177, 
seghondo  178. 

1  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  74.  *  A.  G.,  XII,  121. 

2  Ibid.,  126-7.  5Caix,  Origini,  169-70. 
*Zs.,  IX,  562. 


THE    PHONOLOGY    OF   THE    PISTOJESE    DIALECT.  79 

(f )  c  >  h  (sometimes  written  h,  but  generally  c)  in  modern 
Pistojese  :  poho,  domeniha,  magnifiho  havallo,  (bella)  honsola- 
zione,  (di)  huore,  (fece)  horrere,  (horrere)  harubinieri,  (bravo) 
hustode,  (fatto)  havaliere,  (di)  Jiaresima  (Gr.  P.  50),  rediholo, 
diho,  sihuro,  pehora,  imbriaho,  (cattivo)  heme,  (a)  hapito,  (a) 
homido,  delihato,  (e)  hammina,  (le)  hapre,  (le)  harze,  cieho,  (wna) 
hattiva,  foho,  coho,  amiho,  nemiho,  periholo,  spettaholo,  fiho, 
miha,  cohombero,  diffihultcl,  (la)  harne,  (ugni)  hosa,  (si)  hosta, 
(la)  hampana,  (Id)  hompro,  (si)  homprende,  (la)  hontadina,  (mi) 
rihordo,  mediho,  (le)  liode,  paniho,  (i)  havalli,  masihana,  fihura, 
portiho,  etc. — This  development  of  intervocalic  c  >  h  is  quite 
as  common  in  modern  Florentine  as  in  Pistojese; — Sen.  hatia- 
liere,  halende,  hontento,  judiho ;x — Lnc.  Qui  pure  il  ben  noto 
digradamento  toscano  a  iricativa  (la  liasa,  memiho;  *  *),  *  *  * 
se  non  che  il  h  lucchese  differisce  da  quello  d'altre  parlate,  in 
especie  dal  fiorentino,  per  la  minore  '  stretta  orale '  come  anche 
mostra  il  suo  totale  dileguo;2 — Pis.  "Qui  pure  il  digrada- 
mento a  fricativa." 3 

Variant. 

c  -f-  i  >  cc  (kk) :  facca  faceat  (Al.  76). 

2.    c  after  a  consonant. 

(a)  (I  -f)c  >  (l-\-)ch:  alehuno,  (7)  chane  (Al.  3),  (net) 
chuore,  (it)  chapo,  oricalcho  (Ap.  50),  (net)  chospetto  47,  (yt) 
charatere  59,  and  modern  (il)  chane  (Gr.  P.  21). — Cf.  Sen. 
(el)  chosto  Crest.,  163,  (al)  chumune  164,  (el)  chonte  165; — Pis. 
alehuno  167; — Aret.  alehuno  169. 

(b)  (n  -)-)  c  >  (n  +)  ch:  mancha  (Al.  10),  inchuminciamenti 
12,  (in)  chasa  19,  vincha  34,  anchora,  (chon)  choreggia  biancha 
(Ap.  5),  imbiancharono  33,  ancho  (MS.  22). — Cf.  Pop.  Lat. 
choncava,  speluncha;4 — Sen.  (in)  chorsa  Crest.,  162,  (in)  chon- 
cordia  163,  ancho  164,  inchorata,  inchontanente  165; — Aret. 
spiloncha  176. 

lZs.,  IX,  563.  3Ibid.,  150. 

2  Pieri,  A.  G.,  XII,  120-21.  *  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  73. 


80  J.    D.    BRUNEE. 

(c)  (r  +)  o  >  (r  4-)  eh:  cercha  (AL  S),porcho  49,  (p)  chom- 
battere  37,  archo  41,  merchatanti  75. — Cf.  Sen.  merchantia 
Crest,  161,  (pr)  choviene  162,  (per)  chanpare  165. 

(d)  (s  -f~)  c  >  (s  +)c/i:  oschura  (AL  8),  naschoso  10,  rfis- 
chaccia  20,  didaschalo  35,  pascha  (Ap.  49),  mescholato  63, 
veschovado  (MS.  22),  rischuotere  (MS.  183).— Cf.  Pop.  Lat, 
coruscho;  l — Sen.  Meschada  Crest.,  36. 

3.    c  before  a  consonant. 

(a)  c  (-}-  r)  >>  #  (-{-  ?■)  :  lagrunare  =  lacrimare  (AL  62), 
sagrifitii  (Ap.  11),  sagramento  71,  (i)  grostini  (Grr.  P.  21). — 
Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  sagramenta;2 — Sen.  gruogo  (crocum);3 — Pis. 
(povero)  gristiano  C.  Son.,  23. 

(b)  (vow.  +)  c  (-f-  r)  >  h  in  modern  Pistojese :  (la)  hresima, 
(la)  hreazione  ( Gr.  P.  50),  (lo)  hredo,  (lo)  hristiano,  (la)  hrose, 
sahro. — Cf.  Luc.  (la)  hroce,  sa/wo.4 

(c)  c(-\-  t)  remains  in  learned  words  in  old  Pistojese  :  doc- 
trina  (AL  3),  sancto,  dilectione,  facto,  dido  4,  drictura,  effecto 
5,  tracta,  costrecto  6,  aspecta  8,  drictamente  9,predecte  12,  dilec- 
tamente  13,  j recta,  frectoso,  drictissimo  14,  tractare,  lectora  16, 
fructo  19,  benedecto  20,  convicti,  vendecta  21,  Risurrectione  25, 
auctorita  33,  dilecta  38,  sospecto  42,  vectoria  51,  distructa  52, 
efecfo'  (/.  2),  ocfo  3,  /ecte  eVectji  (?)  24. — Cf.  Luc.  /oc/o  B.  Luc, 
1,  cficfo,  tractato  2,  nocte,  distrecto  3,  ocfo  5,  (?/Tecfo  6,  victoria  7, 
efecfo  15,  distructo  20,  contracto,  conductori  41,  afficto  56,  e.mc- 
fore  59,  cocfo  84,  sospecto  83,  Octobre  90,  auctorita  99,  diricta- 
mente  100,  predecto  111,  etc.; — Pis.  dicto  Crest.,  166,  vendecta 
167  ; — Canzon.  ital."  constrecto,  giecto,  facto,  dilecto,  tracto,  con- 
ducto,  puncto.5 

(d)  c  (+  £  +  j)  remains.    Cf.  (c  + )  £  +  i,  §  27,  1. 

Variants, 
(a)    c(+  d)  >  z:  soza  (AL  5). 

1  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  73.  2  i7>i'd.,  1 26.  3  Zs.,  IX,  562. 

4  Pieri,  A.  G.,  XII,  120-21.  5  Caix,  Oi0tm,  175. 


THE   PHONOLOGY    OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  81 

(b)  c  (+  I)  >  1.  cc'  (cc):  speccietti  (Gr.  P.  43);  2.  chi  (= 
hi) :  orechie  (Al.  3),  ochi  10;  3.  ti:  mastio  (Gr.  P.  11). 

(c)  c(-\-  t)  >  1.  cc(hk):  spacco  (Gh\  P.  43);  2.  t:  altorita 
(Rice,  14);  3.  ss:  resurressione  (Ap.  87). 

Syncope. 

1.  Intervocalic  c  is  regularly  syncopated  in  modern  Pisto- 
jese.  The  different  stages  of  the  development  of  intervocalic 
c  >  g  >  cA  >  h  then  syncopation,  are  all  supported  by  exam- 
ples ;  e.  g.  paucum  >  pQcu  >  poco  >  pogo  >  pooho  >•  £>o/io  >• 
poo^>po:  mia  (M.  33),  siuro,  rediole  (C.  8),  cieo  11,  manio 
18,  cKo  25,  sarvatia  35,  (s*)  'onosce,  (progresso)  'ammina,  (ugni) 
'osa  (Son.  Pop.,  11),  (santi)  }aro  17,  gioondo  19,  poo  27,  letiare 
29,  (picchiava)  'ol  33,  (ci)  'ontaa,  (lo)  'ondanna,  (di)  'ado  35, 
pizziore,  (mi)  'ultello  37,  (partire)  'onfini  43,  avvoato  45,  (di) 
'ore  47,  (e?i)  'orsa,  (£)  '  avalleggeri,  (enno')  'orazzieri,  nemio  49, 
(di)  'o/one  55,  (sm')  'omitato  61,  (/a)  'ambiale  63,  coombero, 
(della)  Iesa,  (la)  iave  (Gr.  P.  12),  difiutta,  (questa)  'ofaccia  15, 
(fe)  'ante,  (si)  'ompra  24,  etc. ;  I  have  noted  two  examples  also 
in  old  Pistojese :  afatiamento  (Al.  3),  ebraiamente  (Ap.  39). — 
The  syncopation  of  intervocalic  c  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in 
modern  Florentine; — Sen.  auto,  amio,  coo  (cuoco),  diano  (deca- 
num),  dio  (dico),  givo,  musia,  periolo,  rediolo,  siurare^  (bevetti) 
'or,  (mi)  '  ara,  giudiare  C.  Son.,  1,  (ti)  'onfondi  3,  avvoato  4,  poo 
5,  (di)  'ascare  7,  (dv?)  astagne  8,  (mondo)  'ane,  (de')  'omprimenti 
10,  Gioondo,  (tanto)  'onfidenza  12,  (fate)  'onfusione  13,  etc. ; — 
Luc.  (la)  asa,  nemio  ecc. ; 2 — Pis.  repubbria,  assiuro  C.  Son.,  8, 
foo  9,  (di)  'oraggio  10,  (mi)  'onfondo  12,  dio,  (co')  'avalli  13, 
(fece)  'omprimenti  16,  amio,  (mi)  'ugino,  etc. 

2.    c  before  a  consonant. 

(a)  Before  r:  saramento  (J.  2),  (una)  'resta  (C.  11),  (lo) 
'redo  15,  sarestano  (un)  rimandello  (Gr.P.  12),  miroscopio  14, 
sarafizzi  22,  (dottrina)  'ristriana  50. — Cf.  Sen.  saramento,  sara- 

1  Zs.,  IX,  562.  »  Pieri,  A.  G.,  XII,  120-21. 

6 


I71E 

war 


82  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

ficio,  (lo)  'redo  C.  Son.,  7,  (Dio)  'ristiani  25 ; — Pis.  (lo)  'rederesti 
0.  Son.,  12,  (la)  'rociata  44. 

(b)  Before  t;  that  is  ct  >  tt  by  assimilation  and  then  >  t 
by  reduction :  otava  (Al.  8),  vendeta  21,  drito  28,  drotrina  29, 
dileta  38,fato  58,  vetoria  65,  diletione  75,  charatere  (Ap.  59), 
benedito  (Gr.  P.  21). — Cf.  Pop.  Lat.  vitoria;1 — Sen.  otobre 
Crest.,  36,  defo  37,  oto  38  ; — Luc.  exatione  B.  Luc,  31. 

Variant. 
Before  d :  anedotto  ( Or.  P.  47). 

Epenthesis. 

1.  Intervocalic  c :  giranico  (Gr.  P.  17),  stantico  24  ;  medico 
13  is  formed  by  analogy  with  police,  indice. 

2.  After  r :  sciorcinati  (M.  68). 

PALATAL  CC'. 
§  53.    Medial  cc'. 

(a)  ccf^>  c'  (c):  socidere  (Al.  3b),  facia  52,  itci'so  (.4p.  53), 
Zwcese  (Rice,  10). 

(b)  cc'>  cc'(cc);  roccetfia  (^.  62),  foecetfo  (iHf.  35). 

VELAR  CC. 

§  54.    Medial  cc. 

1.    Intervocalic  cc. 

(a)  cc  >  ch:  pechato  (Al.  4),  bocha  7,  achusatore  (Ap.  51), 
suchero  (Gr.  P.  23). 

(b)  cc  >  cc/i :  eccho  (Ap.  5),  boccha  1,  riccho  9,  saccho  27, 
Jiacchola  35,  piccholi  87,  roccha  (Gr.  P.  20),  acchovacata,  sac- 
cho, schocchare,  becchacca  21 ,  socchorso  44. — Cf.  Aret.  toccha 
Orest.,  179. 

1  Schuch.,  Fo£ah"smws,  I,  134. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF  THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  83 

2.   cc  before  a  consonant, 
co  (+  I)  >  c (+  I) :  eclesia  (J.  12). 

Epenthesis. 
Before  qu:  terrdccqueo  (Gr.  P.  12). 

CH 

§  55.    Initial  ch. 
ch^>  c  (k) :  coccolata  (Gr.  P.  43)  by  assimilation. 

PALATAL  G'. 

§  56.    Medial  g'. 
1.    Intervocalic  gf. 

(a)  #'>  g'  (g)  in  old  Pistojese :  legerai  (Al.  4),  lege  6,  legiera- 
mente  7,fugire  12,  ajigeno  19,  regesse  24. 

(b)  g'^>g'  (z)  in  modern  Pistojese  and  Florentine  just  as 
intervocalic  c'>  c'  (s) :  (hua)  gira,  (co)  gesti,  (le)  genii,  etc. 

Variants. 

(a)  g'y-v:  paved  pagensem  (S.  253) ;  the  g'  disappears  and 
then  the  voiced  labial  glide  v  is  introduced  to  break  hiatus. 

(b)  #'>  zz:  (terra)  Ghozzi  Gogem,  Maghozzi  (Ap.  87). 

2.   g'  after  a  consonant. 

Variants. 

(a)  (n  +)g'>  («  +)g:  Angolino  (Gr.  P.  21). 

(b)  (r  +)#'>  (r  -\-)i:  ariento,  inarientata  (J.  24). — Cf. 
Flor.  ariento  Tancia,  926 ; — Luc.  ariento  B.  Luc,  48. 

Syncope. 
Intervocalic  g':  (le)  iande = ghiandi  <  glandem  (  Gr.  P.  13). 


84  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

VELAR  G. 

§  57.    Initial,  g. 

g  remains:  goia  (Al.  65),  and  modern  goie  (Gr.  P.  21), 
gubba  22,  gallo  23. 

§  58.    Medial,  g. 
1.    Intervocalic  g. 

(a)  g  >  c :  ficurati  (S.  168),  sficurito  210,  ficura  (C.  17), 
(febbre)  castica  (Gr.  P.  25). — Cf.  Sen.  ficura,  lecato} 

(b)  g  >  gh  in  old  Pistojese :  Aghostino  (Al.  5),  reghole  46, 
sinaghogha  (Ap.  9),  gastigho  17,  aghore  39,  piagha  45,  (terra) 
Ghozzi  Gogem,  Maghozzi  87,  and  modern  voghan  (Gr.  P.  21). 
— Cf.  Aret.  fighura  Crest,  170,  mitighando,  piagha  175. 

Variants. 

(a)  g  ^>  ch  in  old  Pistojese  :  rumichare  (AL  30),  (sofferente) 
chovernarsi  60. 

(b)  g^>v:  tevoli  tegula'  (GV.  P.  17),  bavulli  bag  +  ulum 
43 ;  the  #  disappears  and  the  voiced  labial  glide  t>  is  intro- 
duced to  break  hiatus.     Cf.  intervocalic  <?'>  v. 

2.  g  after  a  consonant. 

(a)  (l+)g~>  (l-\-)gh:  volghare  (Al.  16),  tolgha  (Ap.  17), 
folghore  19. 

(b)  (n  +)#  >  1.  (m  -\-) gh:  temghono  (Ap.  11) ;  2.  (w  +) 
(/A;  lunghamente  (Al.  7),  inghanno  9,  vengho  (Ap.  7). — Cf. 
Pop.  Lat.  longho.2 

3.  #  before  a  consonant. 

g(-\-  n)  remains  :  cognosci  (Al.  10),  and  modern  cognoscere 
(S.  62). — Cf.  Luc.  cognoscere;3 — Pis.  cognoscere.* 

lZs.,  IX,  565.  3  A.  G.,  XII,  122. 

*  Schuch.,Fo kalismus,  I,  74.  *  Ibid.,  151. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  85 

Prosthesis. 

granocchiaccio  (S.  5),  granocchio  (C.  75). — Cf.  Luc.  grag- 
nolo;  1 — Pis.  granocchio.2 

Q(U) 

§  59.    Medial  q. 

1.    Intervocalic  q. 

g  >  h  (generally  written  c)  in  modern  Pistojese :  (ma) 
huando,  (e)  huarche,  (yieni)  hule,  (vieni)  hua,  (e)  hualo,  (due) 
huattrinelli,  (scrama)  huarcun,  (huella)  huercia,  (e)  home,  (bus- 
cassi)  huarhosa,  (sulla)  hualita,  (una)  huantita,  (e)  hualunche, 
(se)  huattro,  (e)  huasi,  (ma)  huasimente,  (ecco)  huanto,  (uno) 
huattrino,  and  in  old  Pistojese  (errasti)  cuando  (Al.  47). — Cf. 
Flor.  which  has  regularly  the  same  development  of  intervo- 
calic q  >  h; — Luc.  (la)  huantita,  etc.3 

Variants. 

(a)  g  >  qq:  aqque  (Ap.  5),  laqquie  (M.  51). 

(b)  q  >  c' (c) :  rickdere  (Al.  12),  dioce  =  dio  che  22. 

(c)  q>g:  (zii)  guasi  (Gr.  P.  23),  ligori  43. — Cf.  Flor. 
(resta)  guasi  C.  Son.,  11  ; — Sen.  (rimase)  guasi  C  Son.,  14  ; — 
Pis.  liguori  C.  Son.,  84. 

(d)  q  >  cc(kh):  accua,  accuolina  (C.  18). 

2.   q  after  a  consonant. 

(n  -J-)  q  >  I.  (n  +)  ch  (=  h'):  quantunche  (Al.  63),  qua- 
lunche  (J.  5),  douche  (C.  8),  chiunche;  2.  (n  -\-)c,  h(h):  cincu' 
(S.  and  C.  4),  (un)  huattrino,  (un)  huattrinello  where  the  tongue 
is  drawn  back  from  the  teeth  and  the  velum  is  closed  so  that 
simple  aspiration  is  produced. — Cf.  Flor.  douche  Tancia,  895  ; 
— Sen.  chiunche,  qualunche,  douche,  oncheS 

XA.  O.,  XII,  122.  *  Ibid.,  121. 

2  Ibid.,  151.  *Zs.,  IX,  563. 


86  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

Syncope. 

Intervocalic  q:  (codesti)  uaderni  (Gr.  P.  24),  euatore  50, 
(ecco)  ui,  (vieni)  ua,  auila,  (la)  uantita,  (la)  uale,  (ate)  uarche, 
(uella)  uercia,  (e)  uasi,  (hai)  uasimente,  (va)  uando,  (vuole) 
uanto,  (la)  ualita,  (uno)  uattrino. — Cf.  Flor.  which  regularly 
syncopates  intervocalic  q; — Sen.  (vieni)  'ua  C.  Son.,  9,  (bada) 
'uanto  10,  (guardi)  'ome  11,  (la)  'uadriglia  29,  (essere)  'ualun- 
que  65. 

X 

§  60.    Medial  x  (=  ks). 
1.    Intervocalic  x. 

(a)  *  remains  in  learned  words  in  old  Pistojese :  proximana 
(Al.  54),  proximo  75,  crocijixo  (J.  3),  relaxare  16,  allexandro 
(Rice,  24),  exercito  28. — Cf.  Luc.  proximo  B.  Luc,  2,  exac- 
tione  18,  relaxare  29,  texeno  50,  taxare  87 ; — Canzon.  ital. 
luxura,  exempro,  proximo;1 — "Anche  nel  P.  Intell.,  e  cosi  in 
molti  cdd.  del  sec.  XIV  e  talvolta  nell  A.  Petr.  e  perfino  in 
rima  :  crocijixo  (:  abisso)  C.  D.  Cornm.  96." 1 

(b)  a>s:  p7'osimo  (Al.  5),  masimamente  12. — Cf.  Pop. 
Lat.  prosima.2 

(c)  x  >  ss :  assempri  SxSmplum  (Al.  9),  essercito  (Ap. 
83),  lassa\mi\  (C.  9). — Cf.  Luc.  lassare  B.  Luc,  114; — Pis. 
lassamo  C.  Son.,  16. 

2.   x  before  a  consonant. 
Variants. 

(a)  *(-f-  c)  remains  :  exceptione  (MS.  283). 

(b)  x(-{-p)  remains:  experto  (J.  6). 

(c)  x (-f-  s)  >  1.  c'  (c):  preciutto  p6r6xsucttim  (Gr.  P.  21) ; 
2.  sc  (sk):  scocchi  exsuciim  (Gh:  P.  67) ;  3.  st':  stioccd  gxsucafit 

1  Caix,  Origini,  176.  2  Schuch.,  Vokalismus,  I,  75. 


THE   PHONOLOGY   OF   THE   PISTOJESE   DIALECT.  87 

(Gr.  P.  36). — Cf.  Sen.  excesso,  excepto;  l — Luc.  exceptoB.  Luc, 
12;  preciutto;2 — Pis.  preciutto.3 


§  61.    Initial  j. 

j  >  g  in  both  old  and  modern  Pistojese  :  gusto  (AL  6),  gudi- 
care  7,  Gobo  20,  ga  jam  47,  govare  48,  gudice  56,  guridizione 
57,  gustamente  62,  gudico  =  giudicio  63,  6rWZa  64,  guratori  70, 
gamai  71,  gustitia  75,  goventudine  76  ;  govane,  gocoolone  (Gr. 
P.  20),  Gro^o  21,  guramento  44,  gudicie  22. — Cf.  Sen.  Govdni, 
gudisio*  gugno,  gudice  Crest,  39. 

Variants, 
y  >  cK:  diaceglio  (M.  38),  diaceglione  41,  diacere  (C.  24). 

§  62.    Medial  j. 
1.    Intervocalic  j. 

Variants. 

(a)  j  >  #'  (#  ) :  magiormente  (AL  5),  magiori  13,  ^e^io  30, 
pegiora  63. — Cf.  Prat,  magiore  Crest,  95  ; — Sen.  ma^'o  36. 

(b)  i  >  .9  •'  magoremente  (AL  67),  magore  68. 

2.  _/  q/ifer  «  consonant 
(n  +)i  >  (w  +)  <7  •'  ingura  (AL  8). 

H 

§  63.    Initial  h. 

A  remains  in  old  Pistojese  :  Zionore  (AL  5),  honesta  7,  humite 
13,  huomini  38,  homana  48,  /iora  (J".  14),  honestamente,  habi- 
endo  15,  heride  25,  homicidiale  (Ap.  91). 

'Zg.,  IX,  564.  »IJid.,  151. 

2  AG.,  XII,  122.  *Z».,IX,565. 


88  J.    D.    BRUNER. 

Variants. 

(a)  h  falls  and  the  I  of  the  article  takes  its  place :  lamo 
harnum  (Gr.  P.  15). 

(b)  h  falls  and  r  takes  its  place  :  racinto  hyacinthum  (Ap. 
93),  ritropisia  hydrops  +  (Gr.  P.  14). — Cf.  Luc.  ritropico; 1 — 
Pis.  ritropico? 

§  64.    Medial  h. 

Variant. 

Intervocalic  h  falls  and  V  takes  its  place :  (di)  glieri  hen 
(if.  79). 

To  be  followed  by  the  Morphology. 

James  Dowden  Bruner. 


lA.  G.,  XII,  123.  2/Wd.,151. 


LIFE. 


I,  James  Dowden  Brunei*,  was  born  near  Leitchfield,  Kentucky, 
May  19,  1864.  I  attended  college  two  and  one-half  years  at 
Georgetown  College,  Georgetown,  Ky.,  and  one  year  at  Franklin 
College,  Franklin,  Ind.,  taking  the  degree  of  proficient  in  the 
former  institution  in  1886,  and  that  of  A.  B.  in  the  latter  in  1888. 
During  the  year  1885-6  I  was  Instructor  in  Latin  at  Georgetown 
College,  Ky.,  and  for  two  years,  1887-9,  Instructor  in  French  and 
German  at  Franklin  College,  Ind.  In  October,  1890,  I  entered 
the  Johns  Hopkins  University  as  a  graduate  student  in  the  special 
department  of  the  Romance  Languages  under  the  direction  of 
Prof.  A.  Marshall  Elliott,  assisted  by  Drs.  H.  A.  Todd  and  F. 
M.  Warren.  In  my  first  subordinate  subject  (Italian)  I  followed 
the  lectures  of  Prof.  Elliott  and  Dr.  John  E.  Matzke,  and  in  my 
second  subordinate  (The  Renaissance  in  Italy),  those  of  Prof.  H. 
B.  Adams.  I  spent  the  summer  of  1891  (four  months)  in  Paris 
for  practice  in  speaking  French,  and  at  the  same  time  I  carried  on 
linguistic  investigations  in  the  National  Library.  In  February, 
1892,  upon  the  advice  of  Prof.  Elliott,  I  went  to  Italy  to  collect 
material  for  my  thesis  on  the  Pistojese  Dialect,  returning  to 
Baltimore  in  October  of  the  same  year.  I  studied  several  months 
of  this  time  under  Prof.  Pio  Rajua  of  the  R.  Istituto  di  Studi 
Superiori  di  Firenze,  and  did  manuscript  and  other  work  in  the 
Florentine  National  Library.  In  July,  1893,  I  was  elected 
Assistant  Professor  of  Romance  Languages  at  the  University  of 
Illinois,  Champaign,  Illinois. 


Baltimore,  Maryland, 
October  11,  1893. 


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Gi|iipJ!Ji" 


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THE  UN.VERS.TY  OF  CAUFORN.A  UBRARV 


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